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Unit 3 Anatomy & Physiology > B1 - Homeostatic Mechanisms > Flashcards

B1 - Homeostatic Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable environment

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2
Q

What is the name of the gland in the brain that regulates body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is the negative feedback system?

A
  • A reaction that causes a decrease in function
  • a response that causes an opposite output due to its stimulus to maintain ideal level of whatever is being regulated
  • a system that contains constant levels of body function
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4
Q

What systems is homeostasis controlled by?

A
  • the nervous system
  • the endocrine system
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5
Q

Explain how the 4 steps of how the negative feedback system works

A
  1. There is a change in the body’s external environment e.g. the room
  2. A change takes place in the body’s internal environment
  3. The receptors detect the change and send messages to the brain
  4. Brain organises changes to bring the body back to normal
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6
Q

Give examples of receptors in our body:

A
  • skin
  • nose
  • eyes
  • tongue
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7
Q

Explain thermal regulation when there is an increase in temperature detected:

A
  1. A message is sent to the brain automatically and the correct action is taken
  2. Our body hairs lie flat which allows heat to escape
  3. Our sweat glands in the skin release more sweat which cools the skin down
  4. Our arterials become wider which allows blood to flow to the skin causing more heat to the body which is called vasodilation
  5. Our temperature falls and our body temperature is back to normal
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8
Q

Explain thermal regulation when there is a decrease in temperature detected:

A
  1. A message is sent to the brain automatically and the correct action is taken
  2. Our body hairs rise to trap heat from the skin
  3. No sweat is released to the sweat glands causing less heat to skin
  4. Our arterials begin to shrink, allowing less blood to reach the skin which helps to keep more heat in the body. This is called vasoconstriction
  5. Our muscles contract which causes us to shiver, this produces energy which is released as heat to increase metabolism
  6. Our temperature rises and we are back to normal body temperature
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9
Q

Give 3 reasons why babies lose their body temperature more quickly?

A
  1. They have a large body surface area in relation to the amount of circulation fluid
  2. Their hypothalamus is immature
  3. They have insufficient fat layers and can’t shiver
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10
Q

Give 3 reasons why elderly people are less able to regulate?

A
  1. Less mobile
  2. Losing nerve sensations which makes receptions work less effectively meaning their body is not telling them they are cold
  3. Eating less food
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11
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

A high body temperature

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12
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

A low body temperature

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13
Q

What does “hyper” mean?

A

Too much

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14
Q

What does “hypo” mean?

A

Too little

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15
Q

Give me some symptoms of hypothermia:

A
  • shivering
  • fainting
  • brain functions slowed down
  • confusion
  • death
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16
Q

What is a normal body temperature?

A

37.5 deg cel

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17
Q

What is a mild body temp?

A

32 deg cel

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18
Q

What is a severe body temp?

A

28 deg cel

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19
Q

What does our internal environment mean?

A

The conditions within our body

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20
Q

What does our external environment mean?

A

The conditions within the outside of our body

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21
Q

Apart from temperature, what else does homeostasis also apply to?

A
  • water levels
  • blood sugar
  • heart rate
  • breathing rate
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22
Q

What does homeostasis being autonomic mean?

A

The unconscious acts our body makes

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23
Q

What is glucose?

A

Sugar

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24
Q

What does glucose do for us?

A

Gives us energy

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25
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A stored form of glucose

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26
Q

What does glycogen do for us?

A

This is a food type that breaks down into glucose

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27
Q

Which 3 organs are involved in control of blood glucose?

A
  1. The stomach
  2. The liver
  3. The pancreas
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28
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

This is where food goes after eating

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29
Q

What does the liver do?

A

This converts glucose into glycogen for storage

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30
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

This monitors the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream and releases hormones of possible

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31
Q

What 2 hormones are involved in the pancreas?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
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32
Q

Explain how insulin in the liver gets released

A

The liver does covert glucose into glycogen and then blood glucose goes down

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33
Q

Explain how glucagon in the liver gets released?

A

The liver does covert glucose into glycogen and then blood glucose goes up

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34
Q

What does insulin in the pancreas do?

A

This lowers blood sugar levels by making the liver covert glucose in the blood into glycogen which is stored in the liver

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35
Q

What does glucagon in the pancreas do?

A

This is a hormone involved in blood glucose regulation and raises blood sugar levels by instructing the liver to cover some of its glycogen to store into glucose and release it into the blood

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36
Q

What is the normal blood sugar level?

A

4-8 mmo1\milimoles per litre

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37
Q

What happens to the body after you eat?

A
  1. Carbohydrates in food digested and changed to glucose
  2. Glucose high in blood
  3. Pancreas produces insulin
  4. Some glucose stored in liver as glycogen, some used by cells
  5. Blood sugar level decreases to normal
38
Q

What happens to the body when you’re hungry?

A
  1. Low blood sugar level
  2. Pancreas produces the hormone glucagon
  3. Changes glycogen from the liver into the glucose so it can be used in the body
  4. Blood glucose level rises to normal
  5. Pancreas stops producing glucagon
39
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Takes urine from the bladder then ejects it from the body

40
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

41
Q

What is the function of the right and left ureter?

A

Stores urine that has been produced by the kidneys until it is extracted

42
Q

What is is osmoregulation?

A

The maintenance of salt and fluid balance

43
Q

What is the breviation ADH for?

A

Anti Diuretic Hormone which is the Anti Wee Hormone

44
Q

Which organ maintains water balance?

A

The kidneys

45
Q

Which 2 glands are involved in the negative feedback system?

A
  1. The pituitary gland
  2. ADH
46
Q

What is maintained at a stable concentration?

A

Blood plasma

47
Q

Which 2 things do the kidneys keep in the body to be used again?

A
  1. Salts
  2. Water
48
Q

What is filtered out by the kidneys?

A

Urea

49
Q

Where does the urea go?

A

This goes down to the uterers to the bladder

50
Q

What 5 things are included in the renal system?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
51
Q

What can affect levels of blood plasma?

A

Sweat and drinking

52
Q

What does levels of blood plasma mean?

A

How much water

53
Q

What is a gland?

A

A hormone

54
Q

Which type of diabetes is controlled by lifestyle?

A

Type 2 diabetes

55
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

A lack of insulin and genetics

56
Q

Why does diabetes cause thirst?

A

The body tries to process more blood so you urinate more

57
Q

Why does diabetes cause tiredness?

A

The pancreas does not produce enough insulin

58
Q

What happens when your blood plasma/fluid level is too high?

A
  1. The pituitary gland is altered and levels of ADH is reduced
  2. This allows more water to leave the kidneys
  3. More urine is produced and urine is diluted
  4. Blood plasma/fluid balance returns back to normal
59
Q

What happens when your blood plasma/fluid balance is too low?

A
  1. The pituitary gland is altered and ADH is increased
  2. This causes the kidneys to absorb more water
  3. Less urine is produced and urine is concentrated
  4. Blood plasma/fluid balance is back to normal
60
Q

What are the signs of dehydration?

A
  • not peeing or dark yellow pee
  • feeling dizzy (NERVOUS SYSTEM)
  • rapid heartbeat
  • sleepiness
  • fainting
61
Q

What are the symptoms of dehydration?

A
  • thirst
  • dry or sticky mouth
  • dry cough
  • loss of appetite
  • chills
  • swollen feet
  • constipation (DIGESTIVE SYSTEM)
62
Q

What does the collecting duct in the nephron do?

A

Collects urine

63
Q

What does the nephron loop in the nephron do? (RENAL SYSTEM)

A

The water gets reabsorbed by blood vessels

64
Q

What does the bowman’s capsule in the nephron do? (RENAL SYSTEM)

A

This removes water from the blood

65
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease characterised by a lack of insulin or ineffective insulin

66
Q

What happens to our pancreas when our blood glucose levels are too high?

A

They secrete insulin into the blood

67
Q

What happens to our pancreas when our blood glucose levels are too low?

A

Insulin is not secreted into blood

68
Q

What happens to our liver when our blood glucose levels are too high?

A

They convert glucose to glycogen

69
Q

What happens to our liver when our blood glucose levels are too low?

A

They do not convert glucose to glycogen

70
Q

What effect on the body does our blood glucose level have when our glucose levels are too high?

A

Glucose level goes down

71
Q

What effect on the body does our blood glucose level have when our glucose levels are too low?

A

Glucose levels goes up

72
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?

A

Transporting oxygenated blood around the body to the cells and collecting de-oxygenated blood ready for the excretion from the cells

73
Q

What are the 3 things the cardiovascular system consist of?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood
  3. Blood vessels
74
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Between the lungs slightly to the left in the upper chest

75
Q

How many times a day does the heart beat

A

More than 100,000 times a day to pump blood through the vessels

76
Q

What is the epicardium wall of the heart?

A

The external thin layer

77
Q

What is the myocardium wall of the heart?

A

The middle layer made of muscle that makes the heart contract

78
Q

What is the endocardium wall of the heart?

A

The inner layer which covers the valves and tenons

79
Q

What is the function Aorta?

A

This carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

80
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

This is where oxygenated blood return to from the lungs

81
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

This is where de-oxygenated blood leaves, through the aorta, to the rest of the body

82
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

This is where de-oxygenated blood leaves to go to the lungs

83
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

This is where de-oxygenated blood returns

84
Q

What is the blood pathway of the left atrium?

A

Lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta

85
Q

What is the blood pathway of the right atrium?

A

Interior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve -pulmonary artery - lungs

86
Q

How to remember the function of the arteries?

A

A = away from blood

87
Q

How to remember the function of the veins

A

TO the blood

88
Q

What does pulmonary mean?

A

Lungs

89
Q

Functions/structures of the veins?

A
  • carry de-oxygenated blood
  • blood is under less pressure
  • walls are much thinner
  • obtains valves to ensure that blood cannot back flow
  • has an oval cross sections
  • blood treadles slowly
  • they divide into venues and then capillaries
90
Q

Functions/structures of the arteries.

A
  • carries oxygenated blood
  • divide into arterioles and then capillaries
  • maintains round internal cross section
  • walls are thicker and it has lumen
  • carries blood AWAY from the heart
  • delivers blood to organs and tissues
  • has the ability to contact or expand under pressure which allows them to recoil after each heart beat

Unit 3 Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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