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IERW - Schmitt > Aviation Weather > Flashcards

Aviation Weather Flashcards

1
Q

bIn what ways does weather affect aviators?

A

Reduces visibility
Create turbulance
Reduces A/C performance

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2
Q

Components of Dry Air

A

78 % Nitrogen
21 % Oxygen
1 % Noble Gases

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3
Q

Natural Air

A

Dry Air + Condensation Nuclei + Water Vapor

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4
Q

Atmosphoric Layers

A

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

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5
Q

Three Cell Theory of Atmospheric Circulation

Reasons

A

Uneven Heating from the sun
Tilt of Earth
Coriolos force

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6
Q

What two additional ingredients does natural air have that dry air does not?

A

Water vapor, condensation nuclei

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7
Q

Between the 30 - 60 degree N latitude is primarily where the US is located. What is the prevailing wind direction?

A

Westerly

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8
Q

In which layer of the atmosphere does weather occur?

A

Tropossphere

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9
Q

Air Mass Classification

Water Vapor Content

c
m

A

Continental Air Mass (Dry Air)
Maritime Air Mass (Moist Air)

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10
Q

Air Mass Classification

Temperature

A
P
T
E

A

Arctic Air Mass (70 - 90 degree)
Polar Air Mass (40 - 60 degree)
Tropical Air Mass (10 - 30 degree)
Equatorial Air Mass (0 - 10 degree)

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11
Q

What is a cP

A

Continental Polar (Dry from 40 - 60 degree)

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12
Q

4 Methods of Heat Transfer

A

Radiation, Conduction, Convection (vertical), Advection (horizontal)

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13
Q

Temperature Inversion

A

An altitude where there is warmer air above colder air

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14
Q

Temperature Inversion

A

An altitude where there is warmer air above colder air

By radiation: Ground radiates heat and cools lowest air layer by conduction. Air layer above is hotter than Ground layer. Clear sky means cold night (Clouds prevents this inversion)

Frontal: Shift of air masses with different temperature below or above each other

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15
Q

Explain the difference between convection and advection

A

Convection is vertical
Advection is horizontal

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16
Q

In late evening, a thick layer of clouds have moved over your airfield. Will noctural radiation occur?

A

No. The clouds prevent an inversion from happening by keeping the warmer air near the surface

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17
Q

Atmospheric Pressure is…

A

… the force excerted by the weight of a column of air per unit area

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18
Q

Standard Day Pressure

A

29.92 Hg
1013.2 hP or mb

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19
Q

Pressure Systems

High

A

Sinking air near center
Divergence
Light to moderate wind
Usually no turbulance
Visibility is good, except morning haze, fog
Flying conditions - good

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20
Q

Pressure Systems

Low (Cyclone)

A

Lifting air near center of low
Convergence
Moderate to strong wind
Turbulance
Visibilty limited by clouds, fog, precipation
All fronts are low pressures
Flight conditions - poor

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21
Q

Isobars

A

connecting points whith the same pressure, 4 mb apart

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22
Q

Wind directions

A

High - Clockwise Away from it
Low - Counterclockwise to it

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23
Q

Pressure Gradient Force

Isobar spacing

A

Isobars closely spaced: strong or steep pressure gradient, moderate to strong wind

vice versa

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24
Q

Pressure Gradient Force

A

Force exerted by change in pressure per unit of horizontal distance

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25
Q

Coriolis Force

A

An apparant deflective force resulting from the Earths rotation

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26
Q

Changes in Moisture

A

Evaporation
Condensation
Fusion (freezing)
Deposition (Gas to Soldi)
Sublimation (Solid to Gas)
Melting

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27
Q

Adiabatic Process

A

Heating and Cooling due to Compression and Expanding

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28
Q

Types of Clouds

A

Cumulus
Stratus

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29
Q

Families of Clouds

A

Low
Middle
High

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30
Q

Low Clouds

A

Base within 6.500 AGL

Cumulus - CU
Stratus - ST
Stratocumulus - SC
Cumulonimbus - CB

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31
Q

Middle Clouds

A

Base of Clouds between 6.500 AGL - 20000 AGL

Altostratus - AS
Altocumulus - AC
Nimbostratus - NS

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32
Q

Characteristics

Stratocumulus

A

Inbetween Cloud
State between stable and unstable

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33
Q

Characteristics

Stratus

A

Low Level
horizontal
stable
no Precip

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34
Q

Characteristics

Cumulonimbus

A

Unstable
Thunderstorm

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35
Q

Characteristics

Altostratus

A

horizontal
middle family
stable
no Precep

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36
Q

Characteristics

Nimbostratus

A

horizontal
stable
Precipitation

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37
Q

High Clouds

A

Base between 16.000 - 45.000 AGL

Cirrus - CL
Cirrostratus - CS
Cirrocumulus - CC

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38
Q

Characteristics

Cirrostratus

A

horizontal
Stable

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39
Q

Characteristics

Cirrocumulus

A

Unstable
vertical
no Precep

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40
Q

Cloud Indications for Flight

A

CU, CB: Avoid
ST : Prepare for Alternate Airport

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41
Q

What kind of cloud would you expect at low altitude in unstable environment?

A

Cumuliform

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42
Q

What kind of cloud would you expect at low altitude in a stable environment?

A

Stratiform

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43
Q

Dry air consists of?

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Noble Gas

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44
Q

In addition to the gases present in dry air, natural air contains a variable amount of?

A

water vapor
condensation nuclei

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45
Q

All fronts are….

A

… Low pressure

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46
Q

During stagefield training and frontal passage, what would you expect to happen to wind direction and speed?

A

an approx. 90 degree shift in wind direction and wind speed based upon current pressure gradient force

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47
Q

What happens as warm air is lifted over a cold air mass?

A

It lifts, cools with altitude, condesnes, creates clouds and makes weather

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48
Q

Cold Fronts

Steepness of slopes

A

Steeper Fronts cause more severe weather

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49
Q

Cold Fronts

Speed

A

average 25 - 35 kts

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50
Q

Cold Fronts

Direction

A

SE

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51
Q

Warm Fronts

Speed

A

Slower than Cold Fronts

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52
Q

Warm Fronts

Direction

A

NE

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53
Q

The entire local flying area is covered in ST, NS and AS clouds. What type of front?

A

Stable warm front

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54
Q

You are approaching the clouds in the following order: CS, AS and NS. What changes in ceiling, visibility and chance of precipitation can your expect?

A

ceiling and VIS decreases
chance of precipitation

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55
Q

Stationary Fronts

Winds

A

Parallel to front

180 degree shift

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56
Q

Stationary Fronts

Speed

A

less than 5 kts

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57
Q

Stationary Front

Direction of Movement

A

unpreditable

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58
Q

Why is the occluded front considered more complex than the others

A

It is a combination of both cold and warm front weather

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59
Q

Flight Procedures

Cold Fronts/ Squall Lines

A

LAND and WAIT for it to pass!

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60
Q

Flight Procedures

Warm/ Stationary Fronts

A

Prepare for alternate Airport

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61
Q

Flight Procedures

Frontal Wave

A

Handle each front individually

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62
Q

Flight Procedures

Occluded Fronts

A

WARNING! Circumnavigate or land.

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63
Q

Fog visibilty

A

less than 5/8 sm

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64
Q

mist visibilty

A

equal or greater than 5/8 SM

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65
Q

describe the formation of advection fog

A

prevailing wind blows moist air over colder ground

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66
Q

What kind of fog would you expect as air is lifted on the the windward side of a mountain

A

Upslope fog

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67
Q

types of icing

A

Frost
Rime Ice

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68
Q

Frost

A

Ice crystals formed by deposition of water vapor contacting a cold surface

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69
Q

Rime Ice

A

Forms from supercooled water droplets

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70
Q

Clear icing

A

Forms from LARGE supercooled water droplets

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71
Q

Mixed Ice

A

Combination of Rime and Clear Ice

72
Q

Freezing Rain

A

Freezing rain froms when rain droplets fall thru a frontal inversion int a layer of air which has subzero termperature

73
Q

Categories of Icing

A

Trace - no hazard < 1 hr w/o de-icing equip
Light - may cause problem > 1 hr
Moderate - contact is dangerous, de-icing needed

Severe - de-icing equipment fails

74
Q

Hazards of icing

A

Loss of autorotative capability
Reduces lift
Increases drag and weight
Reduces the speed at which the rotor will stall
Reduces VIS when ice forms on windshield
Reduces airflow to engines when ice forms on screens
Pitot and/ or static source icing results in instrument error

75
Q

Where would be a likely frontal location to find freezing rain

A

Ahead of warm fronts

76
Q

Does severe icing impact your flight?

A

Yes

77
Q

Thunderstorm development factors

A

Unstable or conditonally unstable air
High moisture content
Lifting action

78
Q

Thunderstorm Types

A

Air mass - Surface heating/ Convection
Orograhpic - Terrain effects
Frontal - Caused by fronts

79
Q

Thunderstorm Stages

A

Towering Cumulus
Mature Stage
Dissipating Stage

80
Q

The most important element of weather, usually not found above the troposhere is?

A

water vapor

81
Q

Atmospheric circulation occurs in all three-cell pattern because of uneven heating of the Earths surface, the 23.5° tilt of the Earth and?

A

Coriolis Force

82
Q

The prevailing wind direction between the 30° and 60° latitudes moves FROM which direction?

A

West

83
Q

What is a source of warm, moist air mass?

A

Gulf of Mexcio

84
Q

What classification would describe a cold, dry air mass?

A

cP

85
Q

List four types of heat transfer

A

Radiation
Conduction
Advection
Convection

86
Q

How is heat transferred by radiation?

A

electromagnetic waves

87
Q

Standard temperature lapse rate?

A

2°C

88
Q

A layer of air with an increase of temperature with altitude

A

Temperature Inversion

89
Q

What would prevent noctural temperature inversion?

A

Overcast Sky, Greenhouse Effect

90
Q

Cold, dense air lifting warmer, less dense air is what Temperature Inversion?

A

Frontal

91
Q

Standard MSL pressure

A

29.92 Hg or 1013.25 hP

92
Q

Sky conditions associated with low-pressure areas are normally produced by?

A

rising and cooling of the air

93
Q

What is an isobar?

A

An isobar is a line connecting points of equal pressure corrected to mean sea level, drawn 4 mb apart

94
Q

Wind moves approx. in which direction along isobars?

A

parallel

95
Q

Wind direction for Highs

A

Clockwise away from the High, ~ parallel to isobars

96
Q

What causes the shift in wind, flowing across the isobars rather than parallel to the isobars?

A

Surface friction

97
Q

Wind from left means?

A

Flying to a Low

98
Q

Closer Isobars are causing?

A

Stronger winds

99
Q

Vapor to solid?
Solid to Vapor?

A

Deposition
Sublimation

100
Q

Large Dewpoint spread?

A

Low relative humidity

101
Q

Temperature changes caused by density changes are which process?

A

Adiabatic process

102
Q

Two basic cloud types?

A

Stratiform und Cumuliform

103
Q

Clouds for noctural cooling process?

A

Low Stratus and Fog

104
Q

Nimbostratus

A

NS

105
Q

Stratus

A

ST

106
Q

Cirrus

A

Cl

107
Q

Cumulus

A

CU

108
Q

Altostratus

A

AS

109
Q

Cirrocumulus

A

CC

110
Q

Cirrostratus

A

CS

111
Q

Stratocumulus

A

SC

112
Q

Cumulunimbus

A

CB

113
Q

Altocumulus

A

AC

114
Q

CU

A

Low altitude
unstable
vertical cloud w/o precipitation

115
Q

CB

A

Low altitude
unstable
vertical cloud producing rain
possible hail
icing
Lightning

116
Q

SC

A

Low altitude
conditionally unstable cloud having both horizontal and vertical movement

117
Q

NS

A

Middle altitude
stable
horizontal cloud producing rain

118
Q

ST

A

Low altitude
stable
horizontal w/o rain

119
Q

Primary reason for frontal weather

A

the lifting of warm air by colder air

120
Q

The frontal inversion of any front always slopes over the _____ air and the precipitation is associated with it normally occurs in the ____ air

A

cold, cold

121
Q

Types of air masses in the USA for fronts

A

Polar and Tropical

122
Q

All fronts have temperature inversions?

A

True

123
Q

Four discontinuities of Fronts

A

Temperature change
Dew Point change
Pressure change
Wind shift

124
Q

Define a cold front

A

Leading edge of a cold air mass

125
Q

Speed and Slope of a cold front

A

25 - 35 kts
1:80

126
Q

Cloud type and width of a cold front

A

Cumuliform and narrow

127
Q

Cold fronts move to the?

A

SE

128
Q

Wind behind and in front of a Cold Front

A

NW
SW

129
Q

Sever line of thunderstorms, with destructive wind, possible hail and CB clouds are called ___?

A

Squall lines

130
Q

Procedure in the vicinity of a cold front

A

Land and wait

131
Q

Define Warm Front

A

The trailing edge of a retreating mass of cold air; with warm air moving in behind the frontal symbol

132
Q

Slope of a Warm Front

A

1:200

133
Q

Warm fronts move to?

A

NE

134
Q

Wind behind and in front of Warm front?

A

SW
SE

135
Q

Weather for Warm fronts

A

large area of ST, NS, AS w/ rain and fog

136
Q

Location of warm front weather

A

80 miles behind the front w/ possible breakes

137
Q

Conditions for embedded thunderstorms in CB

A

Warm air lifted by warm front is unstable

138
Q

Flight planning in vicinity of warm fronts

A

Alternate airport and fuel for it

139
Q

Weather for Stationary Front

A

Same as Warm Front but less intense

140
Q

Wind direction for Stationary Front

A

parallel to Stationary front line

141
Q

Stationary Front Speed

A

0 - 5 kts

142
Q

Stationary Fronts can become

A

Frontal waves

143
Q

Frontal waves may become

A

Occluded fronts

144
Q

Cold front catches up with warm front becomes?

A

Occluded front

145
Q

Why has an occluded Front the most severe Weather?

A

Warm and Cold Front weather occurs at the same time and location

146
Q

Procedure for Occluded Fronts?

A

Fly around or land

147
Q

Four conditions for (Radiation) Fog

A

Small Temperature/ Dew Point spread
Abundant condensation nuclei
Light sfc wind
Cool land sfc w/ warm air above

148
Q

Dissipation factors of fog

A

Heating
Strong wind
Greenhouse effect/ OVC

149
Q

Formation of radiation fog

A

At night, terrestrial radiation cools the sfc. The sfc cools the lower layers of air to the dew point.

150
Q

Formation and location of precipitation fog

A

Precipitation-induced fog is created as rain falls through a frontal inversion and saturates the cooler air below.
Found ahead of a warm front or behind of a cold front

151
Q

2400L, SKC, wind @ 4kts, 2°C Temp/DewPoint spread makes?

What happens when faster winds occur?

A

Fog

SKC

152
Q

Guld Coast, cold ground, warm & moist air inbound (~5kts)

A

Advection Fog for a large area

153
Q

Moist air is mechanically lifted

A

Upslope Fog

154
Q

OVC over late evening Fog

A

Slows down dissipation of Fog

155
Q

Milky, granular shaped icing?

A

Rime

156
Q

Clear Ice droplet size?

A

Large

157
Q

Ice intensity that forces an immidiate diversion from altitude?

A

Severe

158
Q

Location for Freezing rain

A

Warm front

159
Q

Weather to expect close to a High

A

Sinking air
SKC
weak pressure gradient force

160
Q

Wind directions

High

Low

A

Clockwise away

Counter-clockwise towards

161
Q

TS Conditions

A

Unstable air
Low Temp/DewPoint spread
lifting action

162
Q

A severe line of TS that form ahead of a fast moving cold front

A

Squall lines

163
Q

Summertime TS forming every day afternoon

A

Air Mass TS

164
Q

Mechanical lifted TS on Mountains

A

Orographic TS

165
Q

Three stages of a TS

A

Cumulus
Mature
Dissipating

166
Q

Most turbulent stage of TS

A

Mature

167
Q

Indication for start of Mature Phase of TS

A

Rain and downdrafts

168
Q

Flight Procedure for TS induced by thermal activity?

A

Circumnavigate or land

169
Q

The OWS Turbulence Chart is dran for what CAT?

A

CAT 2

170
Q

If a/c is rated CAT 3… Turbulences stronger or weaker than depicted?

A

weaker

171
Q

Microburst in rain

A

Wet microburst

172
Q

Microburst with virga

A

Dry

173
Q

Dry microburst conditions

A

CU
Afternoon (hottest part of day)
Hottest time of the year

174
Q

Ceilings in JET

A

See METAR

175
Q

High moisture means

A

less density

IERW - Schmitt (30 decks)

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