Aviation

Question 1

How many people are directly employed in the aviation sector?

Answer 1

2 million direct jobs and 5.5 million indirect ones

Question 2

Concerning airports, the EU has adopted legislation on the allocation … at airports, on … services and on … facing airlines.

Answer 2

Concerning airports, the EU has adopted legislation on the allocation of slots at airports, on groundhandling services and on airport charges facing airlines.

Question 3

Directive on airport charges requires greater transparency on costs, non-disctimination, consultation between airport and airlines and the designation of a supervisory authority to settle disputes. It applies to airports handling more than x million passengers and ….

https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-modes/air/airports/airport-charges_en

Answer 3

Directive on airport charges requires greater transparency on costs, non-disctimination, consultation between airport and airlines and the designation of a supervisory authority to settle disputes. It applies to airports handling more than 5 million passengers and the largest airport in each Member State.

Question 4

For certain services such as baggage handling, ramp handling, fueling and freight services, the Member State may however decide to limit the number of suppliers. In these cases, the minimum number of suppliers has to be x and at least one of the suppliers has to be independent of the airport or ….

Answer 4

For certain services such as baggage handling, ramp handling, fueling and freight services, the Member State may however decide to limit the number of suppliers. In these cases, the minimum number of suppliers has to be two and at least one of the suppliers has to be independent of the airport or the dominant airline at that airport.

Question 5

The slots are allocated solely by independent coordinators and airlines must use x per cent of their allocated slots, or risk losing them in the years following. This is known as the “…” rule.

Answer 5

The slots are allocated solely by independent coordinators and airlines must use 80 per cent of their allocated slots, or risk losing them in the years following. This is known as the “use it or lose it” rule.

Question 6

The EU’s approach to safety management in aviation relies on … – reports, analysis and follow-up of safety-related events in civil aviation. Common rules on … are also designed to prevent the reoccurrence of dangerous incidents.

Answer 6

The EU’s approach to safety management in aviation relies on ocurrence reporting – reports, analysis and follow-up of safety-related events in civil aviation. Common rules on accident investigation are also designed to prevent the reoccurrence of dangerous incidents.

Question 7

EU drone rules take an … approach, in which the risk of a particular operation is taken as the starting point.

Answer 7

U drone rules take an ’operation-centric’ approach, in which the risk of a particular operation is taken as the starting point.

Question 8

The Commission created a European Network of … to promote SME involvement in drone services

Answer 8

The Commission created a European Network of U-space Demonstrators to promote SME involvement in drone services

Question 9

To assess the safety of third-country air carriers operating in European airspace, the European Union relies on …, which checks the Third Country Operator Authorisation system and carries out …, under the Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft (SAFA) programme.

Answer 9

To assess the safety of third-country air carriers operating in European airspace, the European Union relies on EASA, which checks the Third Country Operator Authorisation system and carries out ramp inspections, under the Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft (SAFA) programme.

Question 10

3 pillars of external aviation policty:
1. Bringing existing bilateral air services agreements between EU Member States and third countries in line with EU law – …
2. The creation of a true …with the EU’s neighbouring countries
3. The conclusion of aviation agreements with key strategic partners - …

Answer 10

3 pillars of external aviation policty:
1. Bringing existing bilateral air services agreements between EU Member States and third countries in line with EU law – Horizontal Agreements
2. The creation of a true Common Aviation Area with the EU’s neighbouring countries
3. The conclusion of aviation agreements with key strategic partners - Comprehensive agreements with global partners .

Question 11

Since yyyy the European Commission has established common rules in the field of civil aviation security aimed at protecting persons and goods from … with civil aircraft.

Answer 11

Since 2002 the European Commission has established common rules in the field of civil aviation security aimed at protecting persons and goods from unlawful interference with civil aircraft.

Question 12

Some x million passengers departed or arrived at EU airports in 2014

Answer 12

Some 900 million passengers departed or arrived at EU airports in 2014

Question 13

The … initiative, launched in 2004, tackles the fragmentation of European airspace and aims at improving ATM performance from the …, …, …y and … perspectives.

Answer 13

The Single European Sky (SES) initiative, launched in 2004, tackles the fragmentation of European airspace and aims at improving ATM performance from the safety, capacity, cost-efficiency and environmental perspectives.

Question 14

The Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) Project brings together the resources and expertise of … and … stakeholders, with the EU institutions, to develop innovative technologies and ways of working to improve … performance

Answer 14

The Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) Project brings together the resources and expertise of civil and military stakeholders, with the EU institutions, to develop innovative technologies and ways of working to improve ATM performance

Question 15

To address increasing delays of flights in the EU, the European Commission has appointed … as the Network Manager until 2029 with a mandate to … short-term congestion and delay reduction … for peak travel period-
… will act as the Performance Review Body

Answer 15

. To address increasing delays of flights in the EU, the European Commission has appointed Eurocontrol as the Network Manager until 2029 with a mandate to identify short-term congestion and delay reduction measures for peak travel period. EASA will act as the Performance Review Body

Question 16

The performance and charging scheme is composed of:
* … on safety, environment, airspace capacity, cost efficiency.
* Performance Plans submitted …
* Cost bases for charges related to the provision of …
* … mechanisms,
* Monitoring reports

Answer 16

The performance and charging scheme is composed of:
* Union-wide targets on safety, environment, airspace capacity, cost efficiency.
* Performance Plans submitted by SES Member States
* Cost bases for charges related to the provision of air navigation services (ANS)
* Incentive mechanisms,
* Monitoring reports

Question 17

What is ENCASIA?

Answer 17

European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities

Question 18

In 2022, direct emissions from aviation accounted for x% of total EU GHG emissions.

Answer 18

In 2022, direct emissions from aviation accounted for 3.8% to 4% of total EU GHG emissions.

Question 19

As confirmed by a report from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the non-CO2 effects of aviation activities accounted for more than half (x%) of the sector’s net climate forcing in 2018.

Answer 19

As confirmed by a report from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the non-CO2 effects of aviation activities accounted for more than half (66%) of the sector’s net climate forcing in 2018.

Question 20

This is why, since x, the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) has been covering the aviation sector in Europe.

Answer 20

This is why, since 2012, the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) has been covering the aviation sector in Europe.

Question 21

The EU, however, decided to temporarily limit the scope of the EU ETS to flights within the …, to support the development of ….

One exception is …, for which there is a Linking Agreement with. The principles governing aviation activities in the … align with those of the EU ETS.

Moreover, under the ‘…’ approach, aircraft operators are administered by either an EEA state or … for both emission trading systems

Answer 21

The EU, however, decided to temporarily limit the scope of the EU ETS to flights within the EEA, to support the development of CORSIA.

One exception is Switzerland, for which there is a Linking Agreement with. The principles governing aviation activities in the Swiss ETS align with those of the EU ETS.

Moreover, under the ‘one-stop shop’ approach, aircraft operators are administered by either an EEA state or Switzerland for both emission trading systems

Question 22

In light of the launch of CORSIA, this limitation has been extended several times. During the latest revision, it was extended one last time, until the start of X. By July X, the Commission will carry out an assessment of whether more action is required for flights to and from Europe, in line with criteria set in the EU ETS Directive. Subject to the outcome of this assessment, the Commission will make a legislative proposal that could extend the scope of EU emissions trading to departing flights and exempt X flights. Alternatively, the proposal could be to maintain the intra-European scope if CORSIA is X and has a high level of global X and X.

Answer 22

In light of the launch of CORSIA, this limitation has been extended several times. During the latest revision, it was extended one last time, until the start of 2027. By July 2026, the Commission will carry out an assessment of whether more action is required for flights to and from Europe, in line with criteria set in the EU ETS Directive. Subject to the outcome of this assessment, the Commission will make a legislative proposal that could extend the scope of EU emissions trading to departing flights and exempt incoming flights. Alternatively, the proposal could be to maintain the intra-European scope if CORSIA is strengthened and has a high level of global participation and implementation.

Question 23

Emissions from flights … the United Kingdom are covered by the EU ETS, as provided for by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement with the UK. Flights … the UK were exempted in a Commission Delegated Regulation, similarly to flights … Switzerland, as they are covered by the UK-ETS.

Answer 23

Emissions from flights to the United Kingdom are covered by the EU ETS, as provided for by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement with the UK. Flights arriving from the UK were exempted in a Commission Delegated Regulation, similarly to flights arriving from Switzerland, as they are covered by the UK-ETS.

Question 24

Free allocation to aircraft operators will be reduced by x% in 2024 and by x% 2025, moving to full auctioning for the sector by y. The free allocation for 2024 and 2025 will be distributed among aircraft operators proportionately to their 2023 verified emissions.

Answer 24

Free allocation to aircraft operators will be reduced by 25% in 2024 and by 50% 2025, moving to full auctioning for the sector by 2026. The free allocation for 2024 and 2025 will be distributed among aircraft operators proportionately to their 2023 verified emissions.

Question 25

x million ETS allowances (EUR 1.6 bn at an allowance price of EUR 80) have been reserved to cover some, or all, of the price gap between conventional fossil fuels and eligible alternative aviation fuels uplifted from yyyy.

Levels of support can go up to x% of the price difference for eligible fuel uplifted at small islands, small airports, and outermost regions. For uplift at other airports, renewable fuels of non-biological origin will receive a level of support of x%, while it will be x% for advanced biofuels and x% for other fuels of non-fossil origin included in the scope of ReFuelEU Aviation. Only fuels used on flights covered by ETS compliance obligation will be supported.

Answer 25

20 million ETS allowances (EUR 1.6 bn at an allowance price of EUR 80) have been reserved to cover some, or all, of the price gap between conventional fossil fuels and eligible alternative aviation fuels uplifted from January 2024.

Levels of support can go up to 100% of the price difference for eligible fuel uplifted at small islands, small airports, and outermost regions. For uplift at other airports, renewable fuels of non-biological origin will receive a level of support of 95%, while it will be 70% for advanced biofuels and 50% for other fuels of non-fossil origin included in the scope of ReFuelEU Aviation. Only fuels used on flights covered by ETS compliance obligation will be supported.

Question 26

The Commission is establishing an x system for non-CO2 aviation effects to apply from 1st January yyyy, calculating CO2 equivalent per flight through state-of-art approaches using flight information, aircraft and x properties, performance information and weather data. By the end of yyyy, the Commission will deliver a report on the results and if appropriate, will make a legislative proposal to address non-CO2 effects of aviation.

Answer 26

The Commission is establishing an MRV system for non-CO2 aviation effects to apply from 1st January 2025, calculating CO2 equivalent per flight through state-of-art approaches using flight information, aircraft and fuel properties, performance information and weather data. By the end of 2027, the Commission will deliver a report on the results and if appropriate, will make a legislative proposal to address non-CO2 effects of aviation.

Question 27

The eligibility of credits to be used for CORSIA offsets is subject to the participation of issuing countries in the … and in CORSIA, as well as a prohibition of double counting.

Answer 27

The eligibility of credits to be used for CORSIA offsets is subject to the participation of issuing countries in the Paris Agreement and in CORSIA, as well as a prohibition of double counting.

Question 28

CORSIA, which appies from yyyy, aims to stabilise CO2 emissions at yyyy levels by requiring airlines to offset the ….

Answer 28

CORSIA, which appies from 2021, aims to stabilise CO2 emissions at 2020 levels by requiring airlines to offset the growth of their emissions above these levels.

Question 29

Under CORSIA, aeroplane operators are required to:

• Monitor, report and verify emissions on all … routes;
• Offset the growth above the baseline in emissions from routes subject to offsetting in the scheme by purchasing eligible emission units generated by projects that reduce emissions …

Answer 29

Under CORSIA, aeroplane operators are required to:
​
* Monitor, report and verify emissions on all international routes;
* Offset the growth above the baseline in emissions from routes subject to offsetting in the scheme by purchasing eligible emission units generated by projects that reduce emissions in other sectors

Question 30

CORSIA is being implemented in three phases:

• Pilot phase (2021-2023) - offsetting requirements are only applicable to flights between States that have volunteered to participate in CORSIA offsetting (x States has volunteered to participate in 2023).
• First phase (2024-2026) - offsetting requirements will still be applicable only on ….
• Second phase (2027-2035) - CORSIA should apply to …, with certain exemptions.

Answer 30

CORSIA is being implemented in three phases:

• Pilot phase (2021-2023) - offsetting requirements are only applicable to flights between States that have volunteered to participate in CORSIA offsetting (115 States has volunteered to participate in 2023).
• First phase (2024-2026) - offsetting requirements will still be applicable only on routes between volunteering States.
• Second phase (2027-2035) - CORSIA should apply to all ICAO contracting states, with certain exemptions.

Question 31

The CORSIA baseline of 2020 emissions was meant to be established as an average of reported emissions from yyyy and 2020. However, following the significant reduction of aviation activities due to the COVID-19 crisis, the baseline for the pilot phase was re-defined as the level of yyyy emissions. This, combined with the … of the aviation sector, resulted in no offsetting obligations under CORSIA for aeroplane operators in 2021 and 2022. The ICAO recovery scenarios show that this is expected to be the case for 2023 as well. After the first periodic review of CORSIA, ICAO countries agreed on a new CORSIA baseline from 2024 onward, defined as x% of CO2 emissions in yyyy.

Answer 31

The CORSIA baseline of 2020 emissions was meant to be established as an average of reported emissions from 2019 and 2020. However, following the significant reduction of aviation activities due to the COVID-19 crisis, the baseline for the pilot phase was re-defined as the level of 2019 emissions. This, combined with the rebound of the aviation sector, resulted in no offsetting obligations under CORSIA for aeroplane operators in 2021 and 2022. The ICAO recovery scenarios show that this is expected to be the case for 2023 as well. After the first periodic review of CORSIA, ICAO countries agreed on a new CORSIA baseline from 2024 onward, defined as 85% of CO2 emissions in 2019.

Question 32

The 2023 revision of the EU ETS aviation rules extended the restriction of the EU ETS geographical scope until the start of YYY. After this date, flights … the EEA … states not implementing ICAO’s CORSIA scheme would be included in EU ETS. This is an incentive for third countries to apply the CORSIA scheme.

Answer 32

The 2023 revision of the EU ETS aviation rules extended the restriction of the EU ETS geographical scope until the start of 2027. After this date, departing flights from the EEA to states not implementing ICAO’s CORSIA scheme would be included in EU ETS. This is an incentive for third countries to apply the CORSIA scheme.