Automation Definition Of Terms Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

The process whereby an analytical instrument performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an analyst;

Automation

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also defined as the controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices without human intervention.

Automation

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Type of analysis in which many specimens are grouped in the same analytical session.

Batch analysis

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The transport of a quantity of analyte or reagent from one specimen reaction into and contaminating a subsequent one.

Carry-over

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Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch passes through the same continuous stream at the same rate and is subjected to the same analytical reactions.

Continuous-flow analysis

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Type of analysis in which the sample is aspirated into the sample probe and then is delivered, often with reagent,through the same orifice into a reaction cup or another container.

Discrete analysis

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Type of analysis in which each specimen is subjected to multiple analytical processes so that a set of test results is obtained on a single specimen; similar to random-access analysis.

Multiple-channel analysis

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Type of analysis in which all specimens are subjected to a series of analytical processes at the same time and in a parallel fashion.

Parallel analysis

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The most common configuration of an automated analyser, in which analyses are performed on a collection of specimens sequentially and each specimen is analyzed for a different selection of tests.

Random-access analysis

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Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch enters the analytical process one after another, and each result or set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens are entered.

Sequential analysis

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Type of analysis in which each specimen is subjected to a single process so that only results for a single analyte are produced; similar to batch analysis.

Single-channel analysis

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The number of specimens processed by an analyzer during a given period of time, or the rate at which an analytical system processes specimens.

Throughput

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A clinical laboratory workstation dedicated to a defined task and contains appropriate laboratory instrumentation to carry out that task.

Workstation

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Describe the process whereby an analytical instrument performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an analyst

Enable laboratories to process much larger workloads without comparable increases in staff

AUTOMATION

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Somehow reduces the staff and lesser labor for the staff

AUTOMATION

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Used for:
Test performance
Processing and transport of specimens
Loading of specimens into automated analyzers
Assessing the results of the tests performed

Automation

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Minimum time from initial sampling to the production of a result

Dwell time

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○ The maximum number of test results that can be produced by an analyzer in a given time period (usually an hour)

Throughput

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Usually requested if there is an emergency
Always prioritize among other request

STAT Analysis (Short Turn Around Time)

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AUTOMATED SYSTEM DESIGNS

Total Laboratory Designs
Modular Integrated system
Stand-alone systems

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Employs an integrated track system that links all the laboratory’s workstations together to create a continuous, comprehensive network that automates almost all the steps involved in laboratory testing\

TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION

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Decrease in labeling errors
There are some automated machines that they could also check if they are labeling errors
Reduced turn-around time
Cost-saving+reduction in labor
Reduction in full-time equivalents (FTEs)
Are the hours worked on one employee on a full-time basis

TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION

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Needs substantial financial investment and increased floor space (Wilson, 2003)
Need for highly technical personnel to operate and troubleshoot the system
Personnel team building
Infrastructure remodeling

TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION

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Consists of an integrated tract device that connects all of the laboratory workstations, including front-end processing, instrumentation, and archiving, to create a 2 continuous, inclusive network that serves to automate nearly every step involved in the testing of each sample

ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM

Modular pre-analytics (MPA) and platform C (i.e., the chemistry analyzer

ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM

Less capital investment than TLA For a specific section only

MODULAR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

Same with TLA but only smaller Link together multiple laboratory disciplines into a single testing platform that is interconnected by a track

MODULAR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

To automate specific sections of the process that are still manual operations. Specimen processing Sample archiving

STAND-ALONE SYSTEMS

E. CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMATED ANALYZERS

Continuous flow analysis Discrete analysis Centrifugal analysis Sequential analysis Batch analysis Parallel analysis Random access analysis

The samples flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway Liquids (reagents, diluents, and samples) are pumped through a system of continuous tubing(only one tube) Assists the laboratory that needs to run many samples requiring the same procedure An oil heating bath is used to promote color development or the completion of enzymatic reaction Colorimetric method; color development

CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYZER

DISADVANTAGE OF____ Significant carryover problems and wasteful use of continuously flowing reagents Major problem = carryover The machine does not allow test selection; all tests must be performed even if not requested Costly procedures

CFA

The sample travel through the instrument in its own reaction vessel Each test reaction takes place in a separate compartment that is either cleaned out or disposed of after use Have the capability of running multiple tests one sample at a time or multiple samples one test at a time Keeps sample and reaction carryover to a minimum but increases the cost per test due to disposable products (like plastic cuvette) Most commonly used compared to CFA and most versatile type of analyzer developed as a result of space-aged technology and were one of the first types of discrete analyzers Samples and reagents were mixed together, reacted, and flowed by centrifugal force into separate cuvettes in which spectrophotometric analysis could occur DISADVANTAGE: Only one test type can be performed each time

DISCRETE ANALYZER

Developed as a result of space-aged technology and were one of the first Samples and reagents were mixed together, reacted, and flowed by centrifugal force into separate cuvettes in which spectrophotometric analysis could occur Similar ro discrete but differs in way of processing is through centrifugal force ADVANTAGES: Running multiples samples at a time (batch analysis) DISADVANTAGES: Only one test type can be performed each time.

CENTRIFUGAL ANALYZER

4. CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMATED ANALYZERS

Sequential Batch Parallel Random access

performing a set of test reactions in a particular order on each sample in the order in which it is received

SEQUENTIAL

all samples are loaded at the same time, and a single test is conducted on each sample.

BATCH

more than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical system

PARALLEL

any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence

RANDOM ACCESS

Technologies Used for Automatic

Identification and Data Collection Bar coding Optical character recognition Magnetic stripe and magnetic ink character recognition Voice identification Radio frequency identification Touch screens Light pens Hand print tablets Optical mark readers Smart cards

G. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Automated specimen inspection Radio-Frequency Identification

Identify sample identification errors and sample integrity issues Could sort a random collection of different-sized containers with different additives Assess each sample for proper labeling, adequate volume and interference from icterus, lipemia or hemolysis

Automated specimen inspection

Uses radio waves to identify people or object There is a device that reads information contained in a wireless device portal from a distance without making any physical contact.or requiring a line of sight

Radio-Frequency Identification

H. SPECIMEN DELIVERY (4)

Courier service Pneumatic tube systems Electric Track Vehicles Mobile robots

Not common in sending your different samples especially when it needs confirmatory testing The hospital can deliver patient samples for confirmatory testing

Courier service

Mechanical problems in the switching process have been known to cause misrouting of carriers Misroute of samples Prone to hemolysis (Avoid sudden acceleration and deceleration and use of proper packing material) Available at SPMC, DAVAO DOC,PRMC

Pneumatic tube systems

Larger carrying capacity than pneumatic tube systems Not associated with problems such as damage to specimens caused by acceleration and/or declaration forces

Electric Track Vehicles

Delivery of specimens to lab benches by a mobile robot is usually more frequent than human pickup and has been shown to be cost-effective

Mobile robots

Preparation of the sample for analysis has been and remains a manual process in most laboratories ▰ Alternatives:

╺ Use of robotics or front-end automation ╺ Bypass specimen preparation by using whole blood for analysis ╺ Use of plasma separator tube and perform primary tube sampling with heparin plasma ╺ Barcode-labeled tubes

SPECIMEN LOADING AND ASPIRATION ▰______ as specimen containers ▰_____ are numbered to aid in sample identification and move automatically in one-position steps at preselected speeds ▰ Instrument can determine the_____ containing the last sample and terminate the analysis after that sample ▰ instrument’s_____ holds the number of samples in memory and aspirates only in positions containing

circular carousels or rectangular racks trays or racks slot number microprocessor

▰ actual measurement of each aliquot for each test must be very accurate and is generally done through_____ of the sample into a probe

aspiration

Wash solution:____(sometimes with surfactant)

deionized water

COMMON PROBLEM:

Carryover

: area in which specimens are held inside the instrument before they are analyzed

Loading zone

SPECIMEN PROCESSING ▰ Autoanalyzer should be capable of removing protein and other interferents

╺ Dialysis ╺ Column chromatography ╺ Filtration

╺ operator is able to change the parameters related to an analysis and prepare “in-house” reagents or use reagents from a variety of suppliers ╺ Flexible and adapt readily to new methods and analytes

Open-system analyzer

╺ requires the reagent to be in a unique container or format provided by the manufacturer

Closed-system analyzer

___reagents for open systems are less expensive than the closed analyzers

iquid

╺ May be bottled as lyophilized powder ╺ Requires reconstitution with water or a buffer

Dry reagent

╺ The reagent layer contains; enzymes, dye precursor, and buffers necessary for the analysis of a specific component ╺ Sample, control, or standard is deposited on the spreading layer ╺ Selected components are allowed to penetrate to the reaction layer(s), which in turn activate the dehydrated reagents

Dry chemistry slide