Automation Definition Of Terms Flashcards
The process whereby an analytical instrument performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an analyst;
Automation
also defined as the controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices without human intervention.
Automation
Type of analysis in which many specimens are grouped in the same analytical session.
Batch analysis
The transport of a quantity of analyte or reagent from one specimen reaction into and contaminating a subsequent one.
Carry-over
Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch passes through the same continuous stream at the same rate and is subjected to the same analytical reactions.
Continuous-flow analysis
Type of analysis in which the sample is aspirated into the sample probe and then is delivered, often with reagent,through the same orifice into a reaction cup or another container.
Discrete analysis
Type of analysis in which each specimen is subjected to multiple analytical processes so that a set of test results is obtained on a single specimen; similar to random-access analysis.
Multiple-channel analysis
Type of analysis in which all specimens are subjected to a series of analytical processes at the same time and in a parallel fashion.
Parallel analysis
The most common configuration of an automated analyser, in which analyses are performed on a collection of specimens sequentially and each specimen is analyzed for a different selection of tests.
Random-access analysis
Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch enters the analytical process one after another, and each result or set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens are entered.
Sequential analysis
Type of analysis in which each specimen is subjected to a single process so that only results for a single analyte are produced; similar to batch analysis.
Single-channel analysis
The number of specimens processed by an analyzer during a given period of time, or the rate at which an analytical system processes specimens.
Throughput
A clinical laboratory workstation dedicated to a defined task and contains appropriate laboratory instrumentation to carry out that task.
Workstation
Describe the process whereby an analytical instrument performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an analyst
Enable laboratories to process much larger workloads without comparable increases in staff
AUTOMATION
Somehow reduces the staff and lesser labor for the staff
AUTOMATION
Used for:
Test performance
Processing and transport of specimens
Loading of specimens into automated analyzers
Assessing the results of the tests performed
Automation
Minimum time from initial sampling to the production of a result
Dwell time
○ The maximum number of test results that can be produced by an analyzer in a given time period (usually an hour)
Throughput
Usually requested if there is an emergency
Always prioritize among other request
STAT Analysis (Short Turn Around Time)
AUTOMATED SYSTEM DESIGNS
Total Laboratory Designs
Modular Integrated system
Stand-alone systems
Employs an integrated track system that links all the laboratory’s workstations together to create a continuous, comprehensive network that automates almost all the steps involved in laboratory testing\
TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION
Decrease in labeling errors
There are some automated machines that they could also check if they are labeling errors
Reduced turn-around time
Cost-saving+reduction in labor
Reduction in full-time equivalents (FTEs)
Are the hours worked on one employee on a full-time basis
TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION
Needs substantial financial investment and increased floor space (Wilson, 2003)
Need for highly technical personnel to operate and troubleshoot the system
Personnel team building
Infrastructure remodeling
TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION
Consists of an integrated tract device that connects all of the laboratory workstations, including front-end processing, instrumentation, and archiving, to create a 2 continuous, inclusive network that serves to automate nearly every step involved in the testing of each sample
ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM
Modular pre-analytics (MPA) and platform C (i.e., the chemistry analyzer
ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM
Less capital investment than TLA
For a specific section only
MODULAR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
Same with TLA but only smaller
Link together multiple laboratory disciplines into a single testing platform that is interconnected by a track
MODULAR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
To automate specific sections of the process that are still manual operations.
Specimen processing
Sample archiving
STAND-ALONE SYSTEMS
E. CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMATED ANALYZERS
Continuous flow analysis
Discrete analysis
Centrifugal analysis
Sequential analysis
Batch analysis
Parallel analysis
Random access analysis
The samples flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway
Liquids (reagents, diluents, and samples) are pumped through a system of continuous tubing(only one tube)
Assists the laboratory that needs to run many samples requiring the same procedure
An oil heating bath is used to promote color development or the completion of enzymatic reaction
Colorimetric method; color development
CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYZER
DISADVANTAGE OF____
Significant carryover problems and wasteful use of continuously flowing reagents
Major problem = carryover
The machine does not allow test selection; all tests must be performed even if not requested
Costly procedures
CFA
The sample travel through the instrument in its own reaction vessel
Each test reaction takes place in a separate compartment that is either cleaned out or disposed of after use
Have the capability of running multiple tests one sample at a time or multiple samples one test at a time
Keeps sample and reaction carryover to a minimum but increases the cost per test due to disposable products (like plastic cuvette)
Most commonly used compared to CFA and most versatile type of analyzer
developed as a result of space-aged technology and were one of the first types of discrete analyzers
Samples and reagents were mixed together, reacted, and flowed by centrifugal force into separate cuvettes in which spectrophotometric analysis could occur
DISADVANTAGE:
Only one test type can be performed each time
DISCRETE ANALYZER
Developed as a result of space-aged technology and were one of the first
Samples and reagents were mixed together, reacted, and flowed by centrifugal force into separate cuvettes in which spectrophotometric analysis could occur
Similar ro discrete but differs in way of processing is through centrifugal force
ADVANTAGES:
Running multiples samples at a time (batch analysis)
DISADVANTAGES:
Only one test type can be performed each time.
CENTRIFUGAL ANALYZER
- CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMATED ANALYZERS
Sequential
Batch
Parallel
Random access
performing a set of test reactions in a particular order on each sample in the order in which it is received
SEQUENTIAL
all samples are loaded at the same time, and a single test is conducted on each sample.
BATCH
more than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical system
PARALLEL
any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence
RANDOM ACCESS
Technologies Used for Automatic
Identification and Data Collection
Bar coding
Optical character recognition
Magnetic stripe and magnetic ink character recognition
Voice identification
Radio frequency identification
Touch screens
Light pens
Hand print tablets
Optical mark readers
Smart cards
G. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Automated specimen inspection
Radio-Frequency Identification
Identify sample identification errors and sample integrity issues
Could sort a random collection of different-sized containers with different additives
Assess each sample for proper labeling, adequate volume and interference from icterus, lipemia or hemolysis
Automated specimen inspection
Uses radio waves to identify people or object
There is a device that reads information contained in a wireless device portal from a distance without making any physical contact.or requiring a line of sight
Radio-Frequency Identification
H. SPECIMEN DELIVERY
(4)
Courier service
Pneumatic tube systems
Electric Track Vehicles
Mobile robots
Not common in sending your different samples especially when it needs confirmatory testing
The hospital can deliver patient samples for confirmatory testing
Courier service
Mechanical problems in the switching process have been known to cause misrouting of carriers
Misroute of samples
Prone to hemolysis (Avoid sudden acceleration and deceleration and use of proper packing material)
Available at SPMC, DAVAO DOC,PRMC
Pneumatic tube systems
Larger carrying capacity than pneumatic tube systems
Not associated with problems such as damage to specimens caused by acceleration and/or declaration forces
Electric Track Vehicles
Delivery of specimens to lab benches by a mobile robot is usually more frequent than human pickup and has been shown to be cost-effective
Mobile robots
Preparation of the sample for analysis has been and remains a manual process in most laboratories
▰ Alternatives:
╺ Use of robotics or front-end automation
╺ Bypass specimen preparation by using whole blood for analysis
╺ Use of plasma separator tube and perform primary tube sampling with heparin plasma
╺ Barcode-labeled tubes
SPECIMEN LOADING AND ASPIRATION
▰______ as specimen containers
▰_____ are numbered to aid in sample identification and move automatically in one-position steps at preselected speeds
▰ Instrument can determine the_____ containing the last sample and terminate the analysis after that sample
▰ instrument’s_____ holds the number of samples in memory and aspirates only in positions containing
circular carousels or rectangular racks
trays or racks
slot number
microprocessor
▰ actual measurement of each aliquot for each test must be very accurate and is generally done through_____ of the sample into a probe
aspiration
Wash solution:____(sometimes with surfactant)
deionized water
COMMON PROBLEM:
Carryover
: area in which specimens are held inside the instrument before they are analyzed
Loading zone
SPECIMEN PROCESSING
▰ Autoanalyzer should be capable of removing protein and other interferents
╺ Dialysis
╺ Column chromatography
╺ Filtration
╺ operator is able to change the parameters related to an analysis and prepare “in-house” reagents or use reagents from a variety of suppliers
╺ Flexible and adapt readily to new methods and analytes
Open-system analyzer
╺ requires the reagent to be in a unique container or format provided by the manufacturer
Closed-system analyzer
___reagents for open systems are less expensive than the closed analyzers
iquid
╺ May be bottled as lyophilized powder ╺ Requires reconstitution with water or a buffer
Dry reagent
╺ The reagent layer contains; enzymes, dye precursor, and buffers necessary for the analysis of a specific component
╺ Sample, control, or standard is deposited on the spreading layer
╺ Selected components are allowed to penetrate to the reaction layer(s), which in turn activate the dehydrated reagents
Dry chemistry slide
