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hema - review > AUTOMATION > Flashcards

AUTOMATION Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cinical application of flow-cy

A

Diagnosis of Leukemias and lymphomas

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2
Q

most significant discovery that improved flowcy and its widespread application

A

monoclonal antibodies

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3
Q

what are other particles detected in flow cy aside from cells

A

chromosomes, microorganisms, and proteins.

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4
Q

composition of flow cytometry

A

fluidics, a light source (laser), multiple detectors, and a compute

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5
Q

advantage of flow cytometry from other techniques

A

its ability to quickly and simultaneously analyze multiple parameters
in a large number of cells

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6
Q

most commonly analyzed specimens in flow cytometry

A

bone marrow, peripheral blood, lymphoid tissues, body cavity fluids and solid tissues

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7
Q

spx. collection for Peripheral blood and BM spx

A

must be processed within 24 to 48 hours from time of collection

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8
Q

temp. and anticogaulant for PB and BM spx. for flow cytometry

A

Room temp, Heparin

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9
Q

injecting a cell suspension into a stream of sheath fluid.

A

hydrodynamic focusing

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10
Q

forward scatter detects

A

particle volume / size

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11
Q

Side scatter detects

A

Surface complexity and internal structures(granules & vacuoles)

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12
Q

hematopoietic cell marker

A

CD34

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13
Q

B lymphocyte markers

A

CD 19, 20, 22
Kappa
Lambda

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14
Q

T lymphocyte markers

A

CD 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8

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15
Q

Megakaryocytic markers

A

CD 41, 42, 61

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16
Q

Granulocytic/Monocytic markers

A

CD 33, 13, 15, 14

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17
Q

Erythroid markers

A

CD 71, Glycophorin A

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18
Q

A method useful for Acute Leukemias

A

Cytochemistry

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19
Q

Specimens in cytochemistry

A

BM
Lymph nodes
Peripheral blood

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20
Q

for enzymatic techniques

A

Fresh smears

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21
Q

nonenzymatic techniques (PAS/SBB)

A

remain stable for months if stored at room temp

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22
Q

cytochem stain for differentiation Acute granulocytic leukemias from monocytic leukemias

A

Esterase

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23
Q

Periodic Acid Scchiff is stain for

A

Glycogen

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24
Q

PAS is useful in identifying

A

FAB M6 Leukemia

25
Q

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

A

for primitive lymphoid cells

26
Q

basic components of most hema analyzers

A
  1. Hydraulics
  2. Pneumatics
  3. Electrical systems
27
Q

(vacuums and pressures for operating valves and moving the sample through the system)

A

pneumatics

28
Q

electronic analyzers and computing circuitry for processing data

A

Electrical systems

29
Q

aspirating unit, dispensers, dilutors, mixing chambers, aperture baths and/or flow cells, and hemoglobinomete

A

hydraulics

30
Q

Coulter principle / Electrical impedance

A

-a.k.a: Electronic Resistance or low-voltage direct current (DC) resistance

31
Q

most common methodolgy used in analyzers

A

Coulter principle / Electrical impedance

32
Q

a.k.a. alternating current (AC) resistance
-otherwise known as RF resistance or high-voltage electromagnetic current;
measures conductivity

A

Radiofrequency (RF)

33
Q

displays clusters of cells number of dots represents the concentration of a specific cell type

A

Scatterplot

34
Q

instrumental errors

A
  1. aperture plugs
  2. bubblesin sample
  3. extraneous electrical pulses
  4. excessive lysing of RBCs
  5. improper setting of aperture current/threshold will cause either positive or negative error
35
Q

most common problem in cell counting

A

aperture plugs

36
Q

produce negative error

A

excessive lysing of RBCs

37
Q

nature of the specimen (errors)

A
  1. giant platelets
  2. fragments of WBC cytoplasm
  3. Some abnormal RBCs
38
Q

Blood cell histograms provide

A

size distribution of the different cell populations

39
Q

These types of histograms will provide an approximate

A

number of cells on the y-axis and the cell size on the x-axis.

40
Q

RBC histogram:

shift to the right

A

RBCs LARGER than normal

41
Q

RBC histogram:

shift to the left

A

RBCS smaller than normal

42
Q

histogram curve is bimodal,

A

2 cell population

-blood transfusion

43
Q

Other conditions that will cause a bimodal distribution curve

A
  1. cold agglutinin disease, 2. hemolytic anemia with

schistocytes present, or 3. anemias with different size cell populations

44
Q

actual ounting of platelets is in

A

RBC aperture

45
Q

Platelet histograms obtained from

A

2-20 fL

46
Q

flags in histograms

A

H

L

47
Q

H flag

A

when a parameter value is higher than the set normal limit

48
Q

L flag

A

when a parameter value is lower than the set normal limit

49
Q

– warns of increased interference in the area left of the lymphocyte peak (approx. 35 fL)
- typically caused by sickled RBCs, nucleated RBCs, or clumped and giant platelets being counted
in the WBC aperture bath.

A

R1

50
Q

warning is caused by excessive overlap of cell populations at the mononuclear/granulocyte
boundary (approximately 160 fL), which is due to the increased presence of immature granulocytes
(i.e., bands, metamyelocytes)

A

R3

51
Q

warns of excessive overlap of cell populations at the lymphocyte/mononuclear cell boundary
(approximately 90 fL) caused by the presence of abnormal cell types, such as atypical lymphocytes,
blast, or plasma cells

A

R2

52
Q

warning is caused by the extension of the cell distribution past the upper end of the WBC threshold
(approximately 450 fL). This most commonly occurs when the granulocyte population is very high.

A

R4

53
Q

is the error code for multiple region overlap

A

RM

54
Q

3 Distribution peaks of WBC histogram

A

First peak
Second peak
third peak

55
Q

45 - 90 fL

A

First peak

56
Q

90 - 160 fL

A

Second peak

57
Q

160 - 450 fL

A

Third peak

58
Q

at what distribution peak is normal mature types of granulocytes

A

Third peak

59
Q

distribution peak of where large mononuclear cells appear

A

second peak

hema - review (17 decks)

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