AUTOMATION

Question 1

Most common cinical application of flow-cy

Answer 1

Diagnosis of Leukemias and lymphomas

Question 2

most significant discovery that improved flowcy and its widespread application

Answer 2

monoclonal antibodies

Question 3

what are other particles detected in flow cy aside from cells

Answer 3

chromosomes, microorganisms, and proteins.

Question 4

composition of flow cytometry

Answer 4

fluidics, a light source (laser), multiple detectors, and a compute

Question 5

advantage of flow cytometry from other techniques

Answer 5

its ability to quickly and simultaneously analyze multiple parameters
in a large number of cells

Question 6

most commonly analyzed specimens in flow cytometry

Answer 6

bone marrow, peripheral blood, lymphoid tissues, body cavity fluids and solid tissues

Question 7

spx. collection for Peripheral blood and BM spx

Answer 7

must be processed within 24 to 48 hours from time of collection

Question 8

temp. and anticogaulant for PB and BM spx. for flow cytometry

Answer 8

Room temp, Heparin

Question 9

injecting a cell suspension into a stream of sheath fluid.

Answer 9

hydrodynamic focusing

Question 10

forward scatter detects

Answer 10

particle volume / size

Question 11

Side scatter detects

Answer 11

Surface complexity and internal structures(granules & vacuoles)

Question 12

hematopoietic cell marker

Answer 12

CD34

Question 13

B lymphocyte markers

Answer 13

CD 19, 20, 22
Kappa
Lambda

Question 14

T lymphocyte markers

Answer 14

CD 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8

Question 15

Megakaryocytic markers

Answer 15

CD 41, 42, 61

Question 16

Granulocytic/Monocytic markers

Answer 16

CD 33, 13, 15, 14

Question 17

Erythroid markers

Answer 17

CD 71, Glycophorin A

Question 18

A method useful for Acute Leukemias

Answer 18

Cytochemistry

Question 19

Specimens in cytochemistry

Answer 19

BM
Lymph nodes
Peripheral blood

Question 20

for enzymatic techniques

Answer 20

Fresh smears

Question 21

nonenzymatic techniques (PAS/SBB)

Answer 21

remain stable for months if stored at room temp

Question 22

cytochem stain for differentiation Acute granulocytic leukemias from monocytic leukemias

Answer 22

Esterase

Question 23

Periodic Acid Scchiff is stain for

Answer 23

Glycogen

Question 24

PAS is useful in identifying

Answer 24

FAB M6 Leukemia

Question 25

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

Answer 25

for primitive lymphoid cells

Question 26

basic components of most hema analyzers

Answer 26

1. Hydraulics 2. Pneumatics 3. Electrical systems

Question 27

(vacuums and pressures for operating valves and moving the sample through the system)

Answer 27

pneumatics

Question 28

electronic analyzers and computing circuitry for processing data

Answer 28

Electrical systems

Question 29

aspirating unit, dispensers, dilutors, mixing chambers, aperture baths and/or flow cells, and hemoglobinomete

Answer 29

hydraulics

Question 30

Coulter principle / Electrical impedance

Answer 30

-a.k.a: Electronic Resistance or low-voltage direct current (DC) resistance

Question 31

most common methodolgy used in analyzers

Answer 31

Coulter principle / Electrical impedance

Question 32

a.k.a. alternating current (AC) resistance -otherwise known as RF resistance or high-voltage electromagnetic current; measures conductivity

Answer 32

Radiofrequency (RF)

Question 33

displays clusters of cells number of dots represents the concentration of a specific cell type

Answer 33

Scatterplot

Question 34

instrumental errors

Answer 34

1. aperture plugs 2. bubblesin sample 3. extraneous electrical pulses 4. excessive lysing of RBCs 5. improper setting of aperture current/threshold will cause either positive or negative error

Question 35

most common problem in cell counting

Answer 35

aperture plugs

Question 36

produce negative error

Answer 36

excessive lysing of RBCs

Question 37

nature of the specimen (errors)

Answer 37

1. giant platelets 2. fragments of WBC cytoplasm 3. Some abnormal RBCs

Question 38

Blood cell histograms provide

Answer 38

size distribution of the different cell populations

Question 39

These types of histograms will provide an approximate

Answer 39

number of cells on the y-axis and the cell size on the x-axis.

Question 40

RBC histogram: shift to the right

Answer 40

RBCs LARGER than normal

Question 41

RBC histogram: shift to the left

Answer 41

RBCS smaller than normal

Question 42

histogram curve is bimodal,

Answer 42

2 cell population -blood transfusion

Question 43

Other conditions that will cause a bimodal distribution curve

Answer 43

1. cold agglutinin disease, 2. hemolytic anemia with | schistocytes present, or 3. anemias with different size cell populations

Question 44

actual ounting of platelets is in

Answer 44

RBC aperture

Question 45

Platelet histograms obtained from

Answer 45

2-20 fL

Question 46

flags in histograms

Answer 46

H | L

Question 47

H flag

Answer 47

when a parameter value is higher than the set normal limit

Question 48

L flag

Answer 48

when a parameter value is lower than the set normal limit

Question 49

– warns of increased interference in the area left of the lymphocyte peak (approx. 35 fL) - typically caused by sickled RBCs, nucleated RBCs, or clumped and giant platelets being counted in the WBC aperture bath.

Answer 49

R1

Question 50

warning is caused by excessive overlap of cell populations at the mononuclear/granulocyte boundary (approximately 160 fL), which is due to the increased presence of immature granulocytes (i.e., bands, metamyelocytes)

Answer 50

R3

Question 51

warns of excessive overlap of cell populations at the lymphocyte/mononuclear cell boundary (approximately 90 fL) caused by the presence of abnormal cell types, such as atypical lymphocytes, blast, or plasma cells

Answer 51

R2

Question 52

warning is caused by the extension of the cell distribution past the upper end of the WBC threshold (approximately 450 fL). This most commonly occurs when the granulocyte population is very high.

Answer 52

R4

Question 53

is the error code for multiple region overlap

Answer 53

RM

Question 54

3 Distribution peaks of WBC histogram

Answer 54

First peak Second peak third peak

Question 55

45 - 90 fL

Answer 55

First peak

Question 56

90 - 160 fL

Answer 56

Second peak

Question 57

160 - 450 fL

Answer 57

Third peak

Question 58

at what distribution peak is normal mature types of granulocytes

Answer 58

Third peak

Question 59

distribution peak of where large mononuclear cells appear

Answer 59

second peak