APHUG Development Flashcards

1
Q

commodity chain

A

a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution resulting in a final product that is then bought and sold on the market

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2
Q

break-of-bulk location

A

where goods traded on one mode of transport were transported to another mode of transport.

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3
Q

gross national product (GNP)

A

total value of officially recorded goods/services produced by a country in a year (both inside and outside the country)

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4
Q

gross domestic product (GDP)

A

goods and services produced within a country

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5
Q

gross national income (GNI)

A

what is produced within a country + income received from investments outside the country - income payments to other countries

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6
Q

per capita GNI

A

GNI divided by the population of a country

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7
Q

GNI flaws

A

does not measure nonmonetary costs (informal economy)

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8
Q

flaws within GNI per capita

A

masks extremes, only measures outputs (not environmental depletion)

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9
Q

formal economy

A

the legal economy that governments tax and monitor

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10
Q

informal economy

A

the illegal or uncounted economy that governments do not tax or keep track of.

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11
Q

digital divide

A

high correlation between wealth and internet access

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12
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A

consensus regarding the key conditions needed to be changed to achieve economic development
1. eradicate extreme poverty/hunger
2. universal primary education
3. gender equality
4. reduce child mortality
5. improve maternal health
6. combat hiv/aids, malaria, and other diseases
7. ensure environmental sustainability
8. develop global partnership for development

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13
Q

Walt Rostow’s modernization model

A

All countries follow a similar path to development/modernization:
1. traditional - subsistence farming
2. preconditions of takeoff - great flexibility, openness, and diversification
3. takeoff - industrial revolution
4. drive to maturity - international trade/modernization
5. high mass consumption - high incomes/widespread production

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14
Q

context

A

Development reflects what has happened and what is happening in a place as a result of processes operating at the same time at multiple scales.

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15
Q

neo-colonialism

A

major world powers continue to control the economies of the poorer countries

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16
Q

structuralist theory

A

difficult-to-change, large-scale economic arrangements shape what is possible for a country’s development in fundamental ways

17
Q

dependency theory

A

the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas.

  • economic structures make poorer countries dependent on wealthier countries
18
Q

dollarization

A

adopting the US dollar as a country’s currency

19
Q

world-systems theory

A

incorporates space (geography), time (history), and power relationships (politics)

20
Q

trafficking

A

occurs when adults and children fleeing poverty or seeking better prospects are manipulated, deceived, and bullied into working in conditions they would not choose

21
Q

structural adjustment loans

A

countries have to agree to implement economic or governmental reforms such as opening the country up to foreign trade and reduce tariffs in order to recieve loans

22
Q

Washington Consensus

A

set of policies surrounding structural adjustment loans. Opponents argue that the policies support and protect core country economies at the expense of peripheral and semiperipheral economies

23
Q

neoliberalism

A

government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable
Leads to states having less control over their economic destinies as private corporations take over vital functions

24
Q

export processing zones (EPZs)

A

offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to foreign firms
- Mexican maquiladoras
- special economic zones of China

25
Q

NAFTA

A

facilitated the movement of service industries from the US to Mexico, including data processing operations

26
Q

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

A

to compare the development of women with that of both sexes

27
Q

Human Development Index

A
  1. life expectancy
  2. expected/mean years of schooling
  3. GNI for standard of living
28
Q

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

A

compares the ability of ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making

29
Q

economic complementarities between two places tend to

A

occur when each place specialize in commodities demanded by the other

30
Q

malaria kills 150,000 children in the global periphery each month

31
Q

Transnational Corporations