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2024-2025 > APHG Unit 1 > Flashcards

APHG Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Geography

A

The study of why something exists in a certain location, including social and economic processes.

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2
Q

Physical Geography

A

Focuses on natural landscapes, such as mountains, rivers, and climate.

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3
Q

Cartography

A

The science of map-making.

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4
Q

Reference Maps

A

Accurate maps used for navigation or location.

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5
Q

Myth of Continents

A

The misconception of continent sizes, such as Europe appearing larger due to Eurocentric map projections.

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6
Q

Equator

A

The 0° latitude line dividing Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

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7
Q

Prime Meridian

A

The 0° longitude line running through Greenwich, UK, dividing the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

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8
Q

International Date Line

A

A line roughly along the 180° meridian where the calendar date changes.

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9
Q

Time Zones

A

24 divisions of the Earth’s rotation, each representing an hour difference.

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10
Q

Projection

A

The method of representing Earth’s curved surface on a flat map.

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11
Q

Distortion

A

Alterations in shape, distance, area, or direction due to map projection

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12
Q

Mercator

A

Distorts size near the poles but preserves direction, often used for navigation.

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13
Q

Robinson

A

Distorts everything, but in low levels. Reduces the distortion of land masses as they near the poles.

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14
Q

Molleweide

A

Better for equal AREA. Shape & Direction are distorted

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15
Q

Winkel Tripel (National Geographic Standard)

A

Good for minimizing 3 kinds of distortion:
area, direction, and distance

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16
Q

Azimuthal

A

Displays one hemisphere from a central point, maintaining accurate distance from the center.

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17
Q

Interrupted

A

Maps that break apart oceans to minimize distortion on landmasses.

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18
Q

Dot Maps

A

Use dots to represent quantities; more dots indicate higher frequency.

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19
Q

The “Ghost Map” (John Snow)

A

A famous dot map used to trace the source of a cholera outbreak in London.

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20
Q

Choropleth Maps

A

Use colors or shading to represent data values across areas

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21
Q

Proportional Symbol Maps

A

Use symbols of different sizes to represent data values.

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21
Q

Cartograms

A

Adjust the size of areas to reflect a variable, such as population.

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22
Q

Isolene Maps

A

Use lines to connect areas of equal value, such as elevation or temperature.

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23
Q

Mental Maps

A

Personal perceptions of the geography around us.

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24
Q

Activity Spaces

A

Areas where people routinely travel as part of their daily activities.

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25
Q

Terra Incognita

A

Unknown or unexplored regions.

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26
Q

Generalized Maps

A

Maps that simplify data to show broad patterns

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27
Q

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

A

A computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographic data.

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28
Q

GPS (Global Positioning System)

A

A satellite-based navigation system.

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29
Q

Remote Sensing

A

The collection of data about Earth’s surface from satellites or aircraft

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30
Q

Geocaching

A

A recreational activity where participants use GPS to hide and seek containers, called “geocaches.”

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31
Q

Large Scale

A

small area with more detail

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32
Q

Small Scale

A

large area with less detail

33
Q

Formal Region

A

official boundaries and consistent characteristics

34
Q

Functional/Nodal Region

A

organized around a central point or function

35
Q

Vernacular/Perceptual Region

A

defined by people’s perceptions or feelings about a place.

36
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

imprint of human activity on the physical environment.

37
Q

Site

A

physical characteristics of a location

38
Q

Situation

A

location of a place relative to other places

39
Q

Sense of Place

A

emotional or symbolic meaning associated with a location

40
Q

Perception of Place

A

How people view or imagine a place based on information or personal experience.

41
Q

Toponym

A

name given to a place on Earth

42
Q

Possibilism

A

theory that humans can adapt to their environment and make choices

43
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

environment determines human activity

44
Q

Absolute Location

A

exact position of a place on Earth’s surface, often given in latitude and longitude.

45
Q

Latitude (Parallels)

A

Horizontal lines on the globe, measuring north or south of the equator.

46
Q

Longitude (Meridians)

A

Vertical lines on the globe, measuring east or west of the Prime Meridian.

47
Q

Relative Location

A

place’s location relative to other places

48
Q

Location Theory

A

why activities are located where they are.

49
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

When a cultural trait spreads outward from its hearth

50
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

rapid spread of a trait through a population

51
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

spread of traits through a hierarchy of people or places

52
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

When a cultural trait spreads but is altered to fit the local culture.

53
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

spread of culture through the movement of people

54
Q

Distance Decay

A

diminishing of a cultural trait as distance from its hearth increases

55
Q

Cultural Barrier

A

Factors that hinder the spread of a cultural trait

56
Q

Acculturation

A

The process of adopting traits from another culture

57
Q

Globalization

A

increasing interconnectedness of people and places through economic, political, and cultural exchanges.

58
Q

Space-Time Compression

A

The shrinking of the world due to advancements in transportation and communication.

59
Q

Medical Geography

A

study of health and disease in a geographic context

60
Q

Pandemic

A

A global outbreak of a disease

61
Q

Epidemic

A

localized outbreak of a disease

62
Q

Core (U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia)

A

Developed regions that are economically powerful and technologically advanced.

63
Q

Periphery (Asia, Africa, Latin America)

A

Less developed countries that rely on core regions for technology and resources.

64
Q

Spatial

A

Related to space or location.

65
Q

Spatial Perspective

A

The viewpoint that considers the arrangement of people and objects in space.

66
Q

Spatial Distribution

A

arrangement of items on Earth’s surface

67
Q

Concentration

A

extent to which something is spread out or clustered in an area

68
Q

Density

A

frequency of something in a given space

69
Q

Dispersion

A

spread of phenomena across space

70
Q

Pattern

A

arrangement of objects in space

71
Q

Tobler’s 1st Law

A

“Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.”

72
Q

Distance Decay

A

interaction decreases as distance increases

73
Q

Accessibility

A

How easy it is to reach a certain location

74
Q

Connectivity

A

The degree to which different locations are connected

75
Q

Polder

A

Land that is reclaimed from the sea by dikes (things to block the water) and drainage

76
Q

Rescale

A

Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or initiative.

77
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

how humans adapt to their environment

78
Q

Political Ecology

A

how political forces influence environmental changes

79
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

total number of people divided by the total land area

80
Q

U.S. Land Ordinance Act of 1785

A

Divided land in the western territories into townships and ranges to be sold and developed. - 160 acres of land

81
Q

Carl Sauer

A

established that Mesoamerica was also a hearth for agriculture; independent innovations. led to research of diffusion.

2024-2025 (10 decks)

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