APHG Unit 8

Question 1

Political geography

Answer 1

the study of the political organization of the world

Question 2

state

Answer 2

a politically organized territory with
1) defined territory
2) permanent population
3) a government
MUST be recognized by ALL other states (Taiwan is NOT a state as China claims sovereignty over it

Question 3

Territoriality

Answer 3

the attempt by an individual/group to affect/control people/phenomena/relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

Question 4

soverignity

Answer 4

having the last say over a territory — legally

Question 5

territorial integrity

Answer 5

a governments right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack

Question 6

modern state idea

Answer 6

a state is tied to a particular territory with defined boundaries

Question 7

the modern state idea diffused through…

North American Indian tribes

Answer 7

Europe’s policies of mercantilism (limit imports, increase exports—leading to the accumulation of wealth) and colonialism

In North America, Indian tribes behaved territorially but not exclusively—held it communally. Boundaries were NOT delineated.

Question 8

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Answer 8

Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War—Europe’s most destructive internal struggle over religion.
The treaties contained:
1) new language recognizing statehood and nationhood
2) clearly defined borders
3) guarantees of security

Question 9

changes after the peace of westphalia (1648)

Answer 9

1) territory defined the society
2) wealthy became increasingly out of touch with the lives of their subjects
3) the power of the nobility was increasingly challenged
4) traditional measure of power (LAND) became LESS important, merchants and businessmen demanded POLITICAL recognition

French Revolution of 1789… political power rested with the citizens

Question 10

nation

Answer 10

culturally defined community with a shared past and common future who relate to a territory and have political goals

imagined = one will never meet all the people in their nation
community = one sees themselves as part of it

Question 11

nation-state

Answer 11

a politically organized in which a nation and a state occupy the same space
FEW, if any

Question 12

what is the idea behind a nation-state

Answer 12

choose to privilege one ethnic group at the expense of others.
might challenge state’s territorial integrity.

Question 13

democracy

Answer 13

the French Revolution promoted the idea that people are the ultimate sovereign—the nation has ultimate say.
Thus, people began to see nation-states as the best.

Question 14

multinational state

Answer 14

nearly EVERY state in the world.
a state with more than one nation within its borders
–> Yugoslavia - Slovenes, Croats, Serbs etc. soon collapsed

Question 15

multistate nation

Answer 15

nation stretches across borders/states
–> Transylvania - homeland for both Romanians and Hungarians

Question 16

stateless nation

Answer 16

a nation without a state
–> Palestinians; gained certain degrees of control over the Gaza Strip and fragments of the Occupied Territories of the West Bank and Golan Heights
–> Kurds (25-30 million people) living in an area called Kurdistan that covers parts of six states

Question 17

colonialism

Answer 17

a physical action in which one state takes control over another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own.
increased economy, made the world economy interdependent

Question 18

two waves of European colonialism

Answer 18

1500-1825; focused on the decolonization of the Americas; exported goods and labor
1825-1975; focused on decolonization of Africa and Asia; cheap materials and plantations

Question 19

commodification

Answer 19

process of placing a price on a good and then buying/selling/trading it

Question 20

capitalism

Answer 20

produce goods and exhange them in the global market, to receive profit
–> when labor became the most expensive component of production, corporations moved production to Mexico, and then to China

Question 21

Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory

Answer 21

1. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor.
2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy.
3. The world economy has a three-tier structure.

Question 22

core

Answer 22

1) higher levels of education
2) higher salaries
3) more technology
generate more wealth in the world-economy

Question 23

periphery

Answer 23

1) lower levels of education
2) lower salaries
3) less sophisticated technology
generate less wealth in the world economy

Question 24

semi-periphery

Answer 24

places where the core and periphery are both happening.
Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery.
Acts as a buffer between the two, preventing polarization of the world into extremes

Question 25

centripetal forces

Answer 25

forces within the state that unify the people: widespread commitment to a national culture, shared idealogical objectives, and a common faith governments attempt to unify people through a sense of nationalism: nation-building, defining and defending boundaries, etc.

Question 26

centrifugal forces

Answer 26

forces within the state that divide the people: religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

Question 27

unitary form of government

Answer 27

highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power --> French government divided the state into more than 90 departments, but reps always came to Paris to take any actions

Question 28

federal form of government

Answer 28

a government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds. --> many states are between a strong/weak form of federal government --------> in the US, states take different approaches to matters (abortion), but many of the fundamentals of the legal system do not differ among the states

Question 29

factors that support unitary forms of government

Answer 29

1) strong sense of national unity 2) smaller states 3) multinational states might adopt this to impose the values of one nationality on others CHINA is an example of a large unitary state.

Question 30

factors that support federalist forms of government

Answer 30

1) suitable for large states esp. over remote locations 2) when multinational states have multiple regions BELGIUM is a small federalist state.

Question 31

devolution

Answer 31

Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state. - Ethnocultural forces - Economic forces - Spatial forces

Question 32

ethnocultural forces of devolution

Answer 32

Sri Lanka Civil War: Sinhalese (Buddhist) majority suppressed the drive by the Tamil (Hindu) minority for an independent state

Question 33

Economic Devolutionary Movements

Answer 33

Barcelona is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain.

Question 34

Spatial Devolutionary Movements

Answer 34

Honolulu, Hawai’i has a history apart from the United States, and a desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive.

Question 35

forward capital

Answer 35

capital city that is relocated for either economic or strategic reasons. --> sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state ex of CENTRIPETAL force --> Brasilia, Brazil --> Islamabad, Pakistan --> Abuja, Nigeria

Question 36

territorial representation

Answer 36

each representative is elected from a territorially defined district --> US Constitution: each state gets 2 reps; House of Reps

Question 37

Reapportionment

Answer 37

the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census (every 10 yrs)

Question 38

what happens, in the US, after reapportionment is complete?

Answer 38

redistricting, with each state following its own system

Question 39

splitting

Answer 39

diluting the minority voters by splitting them among multiple districts, ensuring the white population holds the majority in each

Question 40

why did states switch from splitting to majority-minority districts?

Answer 40

an amendement was made, making states ensure minority representation

Question 41

majority-minority districts

Answer 41

packed districts in which a majority of the population is from a minority.

Question 42

gerrymandering

Answer 42

drawing voting districts to benefit one group over another. to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible

Question 43

stacking

Answer 43

"stacked vote"- links distant areas if like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries

Question 44

Prorupted

Answer 44

protruded

Question 45

Perforated

Answer 45

a hole in the middle

Question 46

boundary

Answer 46

vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface often divide resources: oil between Iraq and Kuwait; in part, leading to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait

Question 47

define boundaries

Answer 47

treaty-like legal document in which actual points in the landscape or points of latitude/longitude are described

Question 48

delimit

Answer 48

drawing on a map

Question 49

demarcate

Answer 49

visible means to mark the boundary on the ground: steel posts, pillars, fences... expensive and hardly worth the effort, especially in places with few permanent settlements

Question 50

administrate

Answer 50

how boundaries will be maintained and determine which goods and people will cross them

Question 51

geometric boundaries

Answer 51

grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range --> Boundary between the US and Canada; 49th parallel

Question 52

physical-political boundaries

Answer 52

agreed upon feature in the natural landscape --> Boundary between US and Mexico; Rio Grande river

Question 53

Physiographic boundary

Answer 53

a natural feature like a river, ocean, sea, desert, or mountain.

Question 54

Geometric boundary

Answer 54

drawn as straight lines and sometimes follow lines of latitude or longitude.

Question 55

Ethnographic boundary

Answer 55

might be based on one or more cultural traits such as religion, language or ethnicity.

Question 56

Relict boundary

Answer 56

used to exist, but no longer counts as a formal boundary.

Question 57

Antecedent Boundary

Answer 57

predates the development of large-scale politically organized communities --> Boundary between Malaysia and Indonesia: passes through sparsely inhabited tropical rainforest

Question 58

subsequent boundaries

Answer 58

evolves as the cultural landscape takes shape --> border between China and Vietnam; long-term process of adjustment and modification

Question 59

superimposed boundaries

Answer 59

forcibly drawn by outsides without reference to cultural patterns --> Berlin conference

Question 60

definitional boundary disputes

Answer 60

legal language

Question 61

locational boundary disputes

Answer 61

delimitation and possibly demarcation of boundary the language of boundary treaties is vague enough to allow mapmakers to delimit the line in various ways. --> internal boundaries of Africa after the berlin conference (demarcation was not accepted by all parties)

Question 62

operational boundary disputes

Answer 62

neighboring states that differ over the way their border should function (migration)

Question 63

allocational boundary disputes

Answer 63

Iraq/Kuwait oil

Question 64

geopolitics

Answer 64

the interplay among geography, power, politics, and international relations.

Question 65

German School

Answer 65

Friedrich Ratzal To prolong the existence of a state, you must nourish the state. (Acquire territories) led to WWII

Question 66

Lebensraum

Answer 66

‘living space’ or territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development

Question 67

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

Answer 67

at the heart of Eurasia, there was a resource-rich "pivot-area" that'd ultimately rule the world

Question 68

Rimland

Answer 68

the strip of coastal land that encircles Eurasia

Question 69

Rimland Theory

Answer 69

Spykman thought the Rimland is more important than the Heartland for the control of the Eurasian continent --> Containment politics which was ultimately put into effect by the US in the Cold War who rules the rimland rules eurasia, who rules eurasia rules the rest of the world

Question 70

critical geopolitics

Answer 70

intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about geographical circumstances and places --> American leaders spatialize politics into a world of "us" vs "them"

Question 71

unilateralism

Answer 71

world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process.

Question 72

Shatterbelts

Answer 72

1) politically fragmented 2) typically located between larger, more powerful nations. 3) vulnerable to both internal strife and external intervention. --> Middle East --> Horn of Africa

Question 73

Chokepoints

Answer 73

Narrow geographical passages crucial for transportation and trade, often considered a strategic location because controlling it can significantly impact the movement of goods and people between larger regions. – Panama Canal – Suez Canal - Strait of Malacca

Question 74

Irridentist Movement

Answer 74

movement seeking to reclaim and reoccupy land that a group believes was historically or ethnically theirs but is currently governed by another state.

Question 75

Territorial Sea

Answer 75

sovereign area 12 nautical miles off a country’s coast; commercial vessels may pass, non-commercial may be challenged.

Question 76

Contiguous Zone

Answer 76

extending 12 nautical miles beyond a country's territorial sea; state can enforce certain laws like customs, immigration, and pollution control, but does not have full sovereignty.

Question 77

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)

Answer 77

an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles beyond a country’s coastline, within which a coastal nation has sovereign jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources

Question 78

high seas

Answer 78

international waters - beyond any countries EEZ

Question 79

supernational organizations

Answer 79

A venture involving three or more nation-states: 1. Decisions often address economic issues impacting global commerce. 2. Can also mediate conflicts and promote stability among nations and avoid war or political unrest. 3. Membership often involves ceding a degree of sovereignty, as member states agree to adhere to collective decisions. --> EU: NATO, OPEC, WHO

Question 80

deterritorialization

Answer 80

political power less rooted in the power of the territorial state

Question 81

reterritorialization

Answer 81

state moving to solidy control over its territory