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2024-2025 > APHG Unit 4 > Flashcards

APHG Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication.

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2
Q

Dialect

A

distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and/or pronunciation;

british is a dialect of english

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3
Q

Natural Languages

A

Languages that people use in every day life that evolved within living or historic communities.

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4
Q

Body Languages

A

ASL, gestures we all understand

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5
Q

Artificial Languages

A

Elvish, Klingon (made)

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6
Q

Universal Language

A

Esperanto is an artificial language created by a Polish doctor in the 19th century.
Today somewhere between 1-15 million people speak
it worldwide

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7
Q

Standard Language

A

a language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught.

none in the us
belgium: flemish dutch, german, french

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8
Q

Language Family

A

A collection of languages that share a common, but distant ancestor.

Indo-European - 50% of all
SinoTibetian - 2nd largest –> Spreads through most of SE Asia and China

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9
Q

Indo-European Language Tree

A

result of migration and subsequent isolation of people that can only be reconstructed through linguistic and archaeological theories.

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10
Q

10 most popular languages today

A

Chinese, Spanish, English, Arabic, Hindi, BengaliPortuguese, Russian, Japanese

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11
Q

Language and Political Conflict

A

Belgium:
Flanders (Flemish language) - North Half
Wallonia (French language) - South Half

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12
Q

Dialect

A

variants of a standard language along regional/ethnic lines; vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, pace

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13
Q

Isogloss

A

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. a boundary between two regions

ex. france and germany

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14
Q

Mutual Intelligibility

A

Two people can understand each other when speaking - not measurable, many languages fail the test of mutual intelligibility

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15
Q

Language Divergence

A

when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.

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16
Q

Language Convergence

A

when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one.

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17
Q

Backward Reconstruction

A

tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an “original” language.

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18
Q

Agriculture Theory

A

With increased food supply and increased population, speakers
from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe.

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19
Q

Dispersal Hypothesis (Kurgan Hypothesis)

A

Indo-European languages first moved from the hearth eastward into
present-day Iran and then around the Caspian and into Europe.

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20
Q

Romance languages

A

Southern and Western Europe

21
Q

Germanic languages

A

Northern and Western Europe

22
Q

Slavic languages

A

Eastern and Central Europe

23
Q

Euskera

A

Euskera is a language isolate, meaning it has no known relation to any other language family in Europe.

24
Q

Languages of Subsaharan Africa

A

extreme language diversity
effects of colonialism

25
Q

Nigeria

A

more than 400 different languages.

26
Q

Lingua franca

A

used by speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce.

swahili in east africa has everyday use in media, commerce, education, and culture
arabic in the middle east

27
Q

Pidgin language

A

created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary.

28
Q

Creole language

A

developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.

29
Q

Monolingual State

A

a country in which only one language is spoken

France

30
Q

Multilingual State

A

a country in which more than one language is in use

31
Q

Descriptive Names

A

derives from physical features

rocky mountains

32
Q

Associate Names

A

relates to a unique landmark in the region

33
Q

Incident Names

A

associated with something that happened there

Battle Creek, Florida

34
Q

Possessive Names

A

a place name that indicates ownership

Adam Clayton Powell Blvd.

35
Q

Commemorative Names

A

honors a famous person or someone well-known

New York

36
Q

Commendatory Names

A

related to a geographical feature that’s considered attractive

37
Q

Folk-Etymology Names

A

new meaning based on its sounds or structure, rather than its original meaning

38
Q

Manufactured Names

A

a place name that has been made up

DUMBO

39
Q

Shift Names

A

relocated name or names from settlers’ homeland

New Mexico
New England

40
Q

Mistake names, involving historic errors in identification
or translation

A

a place name that was given incorrectly

41
Q

Pidgin

A

combination of parts of languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary (single language, or mixture of two or more)

42
Q

Creole

A

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary to become the native language of a group

43
Q

Romance languages

A

French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese

44
Q

Germanic languages

A

English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish

45
Q

Slavic languages

A

Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukranian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croation, Bulgarian)

46
Q

Polyglot

A

knowing or using several languages… switzerland

47
Q

extinct language

A

celtic is a dying language of ireland

48
Q

Sino-Tibetan

A

Chinese, Tibetan, and Burmese

49
Q

Afro-Asiatic

A

Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Egypt, Algeria, and Ethiopia

2024-2025 (10 decks)

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