APGH Unit 3

Question 1

What percentage of Mumbai residents live in slums (shanty towns)?

Answer 1

More than 60%.

Question 2

How did politicians in Mumbai encourage the growth of Shanty Towns and why did they do it?

Answer 2

Politicians in Mumbai encouraged the growth of Shanty Towns by giving shanty owners papers saying they owned their shanties and extending electrical lines to slums. They did this to garner votes.

Question 3

Identify and explain the two major recent refugee flows

Answer 3

1) Refugees from Latin America seek safety and better opportunities due to instability, violence, and economic challenges in their home countries.
2) Refugees from the Middle East flee conflicts and oppressive regimes, contributing to recent refugee flows.

Question 4

Identify the five countries that have sent the most legal immigrants to the United States from Latin America in the years from 1982-2012.

Answer 4

Mexico
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Cuba
Jamaica

Question 5

How has the development of a border fence along the U.S./Mexico border affected the route of illegal immigrants?

Answer 5

The development of the border fence along the U.S./Mexico border has redirected illegal immigration routes to more dangerous and remote areas, making the journey riskier and often leading migrants to face more severe conditions and heightened challenges in crossing the border.

Question 6

Explain the difference between nomadism and transhumance.

Answer 6

Nomadism is constant cyclic movement in search of resources, while transhumance is seasonal movement.

Question 7

What was the major migration stream in the United States between 1900 and 1970?

Answer 7

Movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North, seeking better economic opportunities and escape from Jim Crow laws.

Question 8

How did the recession of 2007-2008 affect internal migration in the United States?

Answer 8

Slowed down internal migration within the U.S., as financial constraints and job instability made it harder for people to relocate.

Question 9

Identify the five states and territories that have experienced the highest population growth as well as the two states and territories that have seen their population drop between 2010-2012.

Answer 9

Highest: ND, UT, CO, TX, AK
Drop: MI, Puerto Rico

Question 10

Give 2 examples of forced migrations that originated in Europe from the 19th century.

Answer 10

Irish Potato Famine: Mass emigration to the U.S. and Canada due to food shortages.
Expulsion of Germans: Post-World War I and II expulsions of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe to Germany.

Question 11

How does Veronica Lawson’s “cooperative conflict bargaining process,” mentioned on page 67, work?

Answer 11

Negotiation method focusing on collaboration to reach mutually beneficial solutions, managing conflicts while establishing common goals.

Question 12

Explain the difference between forced migration and voluntary migration.

Answer 12

Forced migration is imposed by a power, causing involuntary movements that could not be understood based on theories of choice.
Voluntary migration is migration after weighing pros and cons.

Question 13

where were most African slaves sent during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?

Answer 13

Most African slaves were sent to the Caribbean and Brazil.

Question 14

How has the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade affected the culture of Benin in Africa and Bahia Brazil?

Answer 14

In Benin: Blending of traditional practices and belief systems.
In Bahia, Brazil: Strong influence of African culture in religion, music, and cuisine.

Question 15

How is human-trafficking forced migration?

Answer 15

Involves coercion or deception, leading individuals to move involuntarily into forced labor or exploitation.

Question 16

Summarize Ravenstein’s laws of migration.

Answer 16

Migrants typically move short distances, larger cities attract long-distance migrants, migration occurs in steps, and there are counter-flows.

Question 17

How does the gravity model relate to distance-decay?

Answer 17

Interaction between places is proportional to their populations and inversely proportional to distance; closer locations have stronger relationships.

Question 18

How do intervening opportunities relate to step-migration?

Answer 18

Intervening opportunities may alter migration routes, while step-migration involves moving in stages, influenced by these opportunities.

Question 19

Why are push-factors more concrete than pull-factors?

Answer 19

Push-Factors: Negative conditions driving migration (e.g., violence, unemployment).
Pull-Factors: Subjective attractions of a new location (e.g., job opportunities).

Question 20

explain how the syrian civil war led to migration and to where the migrants went.

Answer 20

The Syrian Civil War caused millions to flee to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Europe due to violence and instability.

Question 21

Why did the United States send away the climate refugees from Montserrat?

Answer 21

Refugees were sent away due to volcanic eruptions, prompting temporary resettlement to ensure safety

Question 22

Identify and describe the major migration flows shown in figure 3.10. Where are they moving?

Answer 22

Europe ➔ North America
Southern Europe ➔ Central & South America
Britain & Ireland ➔ Africa & Australia
Africa ➔ Americas (Atlantic slave trade)
India ➔ East Africa, Southeast Asia, & Caribbean (indentured labor)

Question 23

In which two areas of the world did the British send South Asians as indentured servants?

Answer 23

The British sent South Asians to East Africa and the Caribbean as indentured labor.

Question 24

Which countries do guest workers typically flock to in Europe, and from where do they leave?

Answer 24

Guest workers typically migrate to Western European countries like Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. They leave Turkey, North Africa, and parts of the Caribbean and South Asia.

Question 25

Which countries do guest workers flock to in Southeast Asia, and from where do they leave?

Answer 25

In Southeast Asia, guest workers primarily head to Malaysia and Singapore for job opportunities. They migrate from neighboring countries: Indonesia, the Philippines, and Bangladesh.

Question 26

Why did Indonesia order all of its citizens who were in the Middle East as guest workers to come home in 2003?

Answer 26

Due to safety concerns surrounding the Iraq War. Indonesia wanted to ensure the well-being of its citizens by bringing them back before the conflict escalated.

Question 27

Why did the “islands of development” in Nigeria reverse the flow of migration in the 1980s?

Answer 27

Nigeria’s oil-based economy initially attracted migrants from neighboring countries seeking work. When the oil economy declined, however the Nigerian government forced millions of foreign workers to leave.

Question 28

Where have many Chinese laborers ended up as a result of famines in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Answer 28

Many Chinese laborers fleeing famine and political strife in southern China migrated to Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, where they became influential in commerce and finance.

Question 29

Explain both migrations flows that resulted from British policy in Palestine/Israel.

Answer 29

British policy encouraged Jewish migration to Palestine, leading to the establishment of Israel. After the partition/creation of Israel, Palestinian Arabs fled or were displaced, moving to neighboring countries such as Jordan, Egypt, and Syria.

Question 30

To where has the center of U.S. population shifted? Describe the movement of the shift on and explain why the center of population has shifted the way it did.

Answer 30

The U.S. population center has shifted west and south due to economic opportunities, industrialization, and recent growth in warmer southern states.

Question 31

Where did African Americans migrate in the 1920s and why did it reverse in the later 20th century?

Answer 31

African Americans migrated north in the 1920s for jobs and to escape violence, but some returned south later as conditions improved and costs of living decreased.

Question 32

What is the difference between a Refugee and an Internally Displaced Person?

Answer 32

A refugee flees their country due to persecution or war, while an internally displaced person remains within their country.

Question 33

Which countries were affected by the Hutu-Tutsi conflict in Rwanda?

Answer 33

The Hutu-Tutsi conflict affected Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo through genocide and refugee displacement.

Question 34

Why do most refugees end up migrating to other poor countries?

Answer 34

Refugees often migrate to poorer countries nearby because of proximity, accessible borders, and existing community ties.

Question 35

Why is the Syrian Refugee Crisis relevant in the world today?

Answer 35

Millions of displaced people lack basic resources in host countries that are stretched thin. This crisis strains regional economies, influences global security policies, and underscores the need for international cooperation to address large-scale displacement and uphold human rights.

Question 36

Why are Kurds and Afghans suffering from Refugee criseses?

Answer 36

Kurds and Afghans face crises due to regional conflicts, persecution, and prolonged instability.

Question 37

Who was involved in the conflict in Darfur, Sudan?

Answer 37

The Darfur conflict in Sudan involved government forces, Janjaweed militia, and non-Arab ethnic groups, leading to a humanitarian crisis.

Question 38

Why is Bangladesh in danger of becoming ground zero for climate refugees?

Answer 38

Bangladesh risks becoming a climate refugee epicenter due to rising sea levels and frequent flooding impacting millions.

Question 39

Use the internet to explain the significance of the National Front in France and Golden Dawn in Greece.

Answer 39

Both are far-right parties that fuel anti-immigrant views. France’s National Front emphasizes protecting “French identity,” while Greece’s Golden Dawn, known for violent actions, aggressively targets immigrants—especially during Greece’s economic crisis.

Question 40

Give one example of a major border fence from ancient times and explain that country’s dual goals for both its citizens and foreigners.

Answer 40

The Great Wall of China aimed to protect citizens from invasions and limit migration, controlling who could enter or leave the empire.

Question 41

Where are two current controversial walls that were built to keep foreigners out?

Answer 41

The U.S.-Mexico border wall and Israel’s West Bank barrier both aim to control unauthorized entry and reduce cross-border tensions.

Question 42

Who did the Australian government want to keep out starting in 1901, and when did they lift those restrictions?

Answer 42

The Australian government targeted Asian, Japanese, Chinese, and South Asian immigrants under the White Australia policy which ended in the 1970s.

Question 43

How was the first wave of immigration in the early 1800s different than the second wave in the late 1800s in the United States?

Answer 43

The first wave in the early 1800s saw immigrants primarily from Northern and Western Europe, while the second wave in the late 1800s saw more arrivals from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Question 44

At what time in our history did Latin Americans start arriving in greater numbers than Europeans to the United States? When did Asians surpass Europeans?

Answer 44

Latin Americans began arriving in greater numbers than Europeans by the mid-20th century, and Asians surpassed Europeans after 1965, when the U.S. quota system changed.

Question 45

Why did immigration to the United States drop off after WWI? (State 2 reasons)

Answer 45

Immigration to the U.S. declined due to isolationist policies and racial biases, as Congress passed restrictive laws that favored Northern and Western European immigrants while limiting others.

Question 46

Why was “Operation Liberty Shield” criticized and ultimately ended?

Answer 46

Criticized for targeting certain nationalities, it was seen as unfairly labeling asylum seekers as security risks. Human Rights Watch argued it promoted stereotypes and unfounded biases, ultimately leading to its end.

Question 47

Zelinsky Stage 1

Answer 47

unlikely to migrate permanently.
Might have a high daily or seasonal mobility in
search of food.

Question 48

Stage 2

Answer 48

have many emigrants… net-out migration

Question 49

stage 3 and 4

Answer 49

receive many immigrants in
search of economic opportunities.

Question 50

which migration happened the most recent

Answer 50

latin america and asia

Question 51

which migration happened first

Answer 51

European countries raced to colonize NA

Question 52

migration from the north to south?

Answer 52

gov policies made moving anywhere easier… not the fact that there were agricultural jobs

Question 53

the geographical population center of the US is moving

Answer 53

southwest!

Question 54

Which of the following is the correct order of immigrant nationalities to the United States

Answer 54

English Irish German Italian German Mexico Asian

Question 55

The forced migration of Kosovars out of Yugoslavia occurred in what region

Answer 55

Eastern Europe

Question 56

Periodic movement does not involve…

Answer 56

nomadism

Question 57

SW Asia has

Answer 57

gas/oil exports