APHG Unit 11 Flashcards
organic agriculture
production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers
organic foods are over 4% of all food sales in the US
should approach 10% within a decade
Agriculture
the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel
primary economic activities
extraction of economically valuable products from the earth: agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining
secondary economic activities
manufacturing - take a primary product and change it into something else: toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, buildings
tertiary economic activies
service industries that facilitate commerce: bankers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, clerks
Quaternary Industry
Information or the exchange of goods
Quinary Industry
Tied to research and higher education: PhD
Root Crops
14000 years ago - reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants
south and southeast asia
Seed Crops
10000 years ago - reproduced by cultivating seeds
marked the beginning of the First Agricultural Revolution
fertile crescent: southwest asia
First Agricultural Revolution
Invention of farming & domestication of livestock + diffusion from several source regions =
shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies
Animal Domestication
Fertile Crescent - 8000 years ago
Important Domesticated animals
Cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse.
approximately how many higher order animals exist on earth, and how many of them have been domesticated?
There are 148 species of large, herbivorous or omnivorous mammals that could be domesticated, but only 14 have been for widespread agricultural and economic use.
subsistence agriculture
Growing only enough food to survive.
Farmers hold common land.
Declined with the diffusion of industrialized agriculture in the 1900s.
slash-and-burn agriculture
Shifting Cultivation: To burn the vegetation on the ground so the layer of ash settles and contributes to the soil’s fertility.
Second Agricultural Revolution
Improved the output of agricultural surpluses; crop rotation, better horse collars
Township and Range System
(rectangular survey system) is based on a grid system that
creates 1 square mile sections.
Metes and Bounds Survey
uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land.
Longlot Survey System
divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers,
roads, or canals.
Linear Village
Follows a stream or road
Cluster Village
intersection of roads
Round Village
to corral livestock into center of village
Walled Village
Villages built within enclosure of protective wall
Grid Village
Planned villages and cities based of Greek model
monoculture
dependence on a single agricultural commodity
Köppen climatic classification system
classifies the world’s climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation
climatic regions
areas with similar climatic characteristics
