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2 DIG > AP04 - Topography and Histology of the Pancreas, Liver, and Biliary System > Flashcards

AP04 - Topography and Histology of the Pancreas, Liver, and Biliary System Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the liver grow so rapidly between weeks 7-10?

A

haemopoiesis

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2
Q

What structure forms the Gall Bladder and cystic duct?

A

A small part of the hepatic diverticulum, and its stalk forms the cystic duct

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3
Q

What happens to the duodenum through week 5 and 6?

A

it rotates clockwise, allowing the ventral pancreatic bud to join the larger dorsal pancreatic bud

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4
Q

What supplies the Liver with blood?

A

Hepatic artery

blood from GI tract comes from the portal vein

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5
Q

What drains the Liver?

A

hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava

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6
Q

How might fibrosis cause portal hypertension?

How does the body adapt to overcome this?

A

it miht obstruct the portal vein

anastomoses form to limit blood pooling

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7
Q

In the submandibular gland, what do mucous acini secrete?

A

lubricating hydrophilic mucins

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8
Q

In the submandibular gland, what do serous cells secrete?

A

proteins and sometimes enzymes, zymogen granules

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9
Q

What is the function and structure of intercalated ducts in the submandibular gland?

A

secretions drain into them.

several ducts form sriated ducts, which reabsorb Na+ from the initial secretion, making it slightly hypotonic

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10
Q

How would an image of the parotid gland differ from tat of the submandibular gland?

A

the parotid gland only has serous acini, secreting alpha-amylase

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11
Q

What do pancreatic acini secrete?

A

alpha-amylase and bicarbonate ions

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12
Q

What do bicarbonate ions from the pancreas do?

A

alkalinizes and rasnports hydrolytic enzymes produced by pancreatic acini

ulitmately end up in hte duodenum

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13
Q

What are centroacinar cells?

A

extensions of intercalated ducts into pancreatic acini

will secrete bicarbonate ion (when stimulated by secretin) and mucin

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14
Q

What is highly unusual about the genetic composition of hepatocytes?

A

binucleated and polyploid, often with 2-8 times the normal chromosome number

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15
Q

What is at the centre of hepatic lobules?

A

central vein, with blood low in oxygen which has already been filtered

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16
Q

What surrounds hepatic lobules?

A

portal triad:

  • hepatic artery branches
  • portal vein branches
  • bile duct branches
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17
Q

Where would you find mitochondria in cells of the striated duct of salivary glands?

A

in-between the folds at the basolateral membrane

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18
Q

Why are the basolateral membranes of cells in the striated duct of salivary glands folded?

A

increases surface area for uptake of ion from saliva - explains why there re so many mitochondria

19
Q

What is happening in liver cirrhosis?

A

over-production of connective tissue fills the perisinusoidal space, limiting blood filtration

20
Q

What are the 3 types of jaundice?

A

pre-hepatic
Intra-hepatic
Extra-hepatic

21
Q

What are gallstones?

A

increased concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin in the bile increase calcium, bilirubinate, and phosphate.

they form brown pigment stones

22
Q

What do gallstones cause?

A

high cholesterol

insufficient bile acid production

23
Q

What cells are between hepatocytes?

A

stellate cells

24
Q

What space surrounds the sinusoid lumen?

What is it for?

A

space of disse

25
Q

what cells are in the space of disse?

A

kupffer cells

26
Q

What is the space of disse?

A

space between blood endothelial cells and hepatocytes

for transfer of stuff

27
Q

What kind of secretory structures does the pancreas have?

A

endocrine - islets of langerhans

exocrine - pancreatic acinus

28
Q

What 5 structures drain into the portal venous system?

A 
splenic vein
superior mesenteric vein
right and left gastric veins
cystic veins
para-umbilical veins
29
Q

What is the structure of the splenic vein

A

leaves hilum of spleen, recieving tributaries from inferior mesenteric vein
joins with the superior mesenteric vein at the neck of the pancreas

30
Q

What does the portal vein do as it reaches the liver?

A

bifurcates into left and right branches

31
Q

What is an annular process?

A

duodenum surrounded but pancreatic head, contricting duodenum or blood flow to intestines

this occurs as parts ot the bifid ventral bud fuse with the dorsal bud, forming a ring

32
Q

What is the epiploic foramen and what 3 vessels run along it?

A

the free edge of the lesser omentum

hepatic artery
bile duct
portal vein

33
Q

What secures the liver to the underside of the diaphragm?

A

left and right triangular ligaments

34
Q

What ‘lobe’ is superior to the porta hepatis?

A

caudate lobe

35
Q

What are the 2 duodenal ducts?

A

minor duodenal papillae

major duodenal papillae

36
Q

What 2 structures are around the entry of the major duodenal papillae?

A

Ampulla of Vater

Sphincter of Oddi

37
Q

What does the major duodenal papillae recieve secretions from?

A

main pancreatic duct

bile duct

38
Q

What stimulates gall bladder contraction?

A

food entering the digestive tract stimulates the release of CCK from duodenal I cells and the jejunum - conraction

39
Q

What causes haemolytic jaundice?

A

destruction of red blood cells, stimulating greater bilirubin production

40
Q

What causes cholestatic jaundice?

A

impaired bile formation (hepatocytes)

impaired bile flow (ducts)

41
Q

What cause liver cirrhosis?

A

repetitive scarring and injury from alcohol abuse, or hepatitis

42
Q

What usually causes cholecystitis?

A

gallbladder drainage blocked (gallstone maybe)

43
Q

What might cause congenital hyperbilirubinaemia?

A

bilirubin over-production

XS destruction of erythrocytes

2 DIG (28 decks)

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