AP04 - Topography and Histology of the Pancreas, Liver, and Biliary System

Question 1

Why does the liver grow so rapidly between weeks 7-10?

Answer 1

haemopoiesis

Question 2

What structure forms the Gall Bladder and cystic duct?

Answer 2

A small part of the hepatic diverticulum, and its stalk forms the cystic duct

Question 3

What happens to the duodenum through week 5 and 6?

Answer 3

it rotates clockwise, allowing the ventral pancreatic bud to join the larger dorsal pancreatic bud

Question 4

What supplies the Liver with blood?

Answer 4

Hepatic artery

blood from GI tract comes from the portal vein

Question 5

What drains the Liver?

Answer 5

hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava

Question 6

How might fibrosis cause portal hypertension?

How does the body adapt to overcome this?

Answer 6

it miht obstruct the portal vein

anastomoses form to limit blood pooling

Question 7

In the submandibular gland, what do mucous acini secrete?

Answer 7

lubricating hydrophilic mucins

Question 8

In the submandibular gland, what do serous cells secrete?

Answer 8

proteins and sometimes enzymes, zymogen granules

Question 9

What is the function and structure of intercalated ducts in the submandibular gland?

Answer 9

secretions drain into them.

several ducts form sriated ducts, which reabsorb Na+ from the initial secretion, making it slightly hypotonic

Question 10

How would an image of the parotid gland differ from tat of the submandibular gland?

Answer 10

the parotid gland only has serous acini, secreting alpha-amylase

Question 11

What do pancreatic acini secrete?

Answer 11

alpha-amylase and bicarbonate ions

Question 12

What do bicarbonate ions from the pancreas do?

Answer 12

alkalinizes and rasnports hydrolytic enzymes produced by pancreatic acini

ulitmately end up in hte duodenum

Question 13

What are centroacinar cells?

Answer 13

extensions of intercalated ducts into pancreatic acini

will secrete bicarbonate ion (when stimulated by secretin) and mucin

Question 14

What is highly unusual about the genetic composition of hepatocytes?

Answer 14

binucleated and polyploid, often with 2-8 times the normal chromosome number

Question 15

What is at the centre of hepatic lobules?

Answer 15

central vein, with blood low in oxygen which has already been filtered

Question 16

What surrounds hepatic lobules?

Answer 16

portal triad:

• hepatic artery branches
• portal vein branches
• bile duct branches

Question 17

Where would you find mitochondria in cells of the striated duct of salivary glands?

Answer 17

in-between the folds at the basolateral membrane

Question 18

Why are the basolateral membranes of cells in the striated duct of salivary glands folded?

Answer 18

increases surface area for uptake of ion from saliva - explains why there re so many mitochondria

Question 19

What is happening in liver cirrhosis?

Answer 19

over-production of connective tissue fills the perisinusoidal space, limiting blood filtration

Question 20

What are the 3 types of jaundice?

Answer 20

pre-hepatic
Intra-hepatic
Extra-hepatic

Question 21

What are gallstones?

Answer 21

increased concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin in the bile increase calcium, bilirubinate, and phosphate.

they form brown pigment stones

Question 22

What do gallstones cause?

Answer 22

high cholesterol

insufficient bile acid production

Question 23

What cells are between hepatocytes?

Answer 23

stellate cells

Question 24

What space surrounds the sinusoid lumen?

What is it for?

Answer 24

space of disse

Question 25

what cells are in the space of disse?

Answer 25

kupffer cells

Question 26

What is the space of disse?

Answer 26

space between blood endothelial cells and hepatocytes for transfer of stuff

Question 27

What kind of secretory structures does the pancreas have?

Answer 27

endocrine - islets of langerhans | exocrine - pancreatic acinus

Question 28

What 5 structures drain into the portal venous system?

Answer 28

``` splenic vein superior mesenteric vein right and left gastric veins cystic veins para-umbilical veins ```

Question 29

What is the structure of the splenic vein

Answer 29

leaves hilum of spleen, recieving tributaries from inferior mesenteric vein joins with the superior mesenteric vein at the neck of the pancreas

Question 30

What does the portal vein do as it reaches the liver?

Answer 30

bifurcates into left and right branches

Question 31

What is an annular process?

Answer 31

duodenum surrounded but pancreatic head, contricting duodenum or blood flow to intestines this occurs as parts ot the bifid ventral bud fuse with the dorsal bud, forming a ring

Question 32

What is the epiploic foramen and what 3 vessels run along it?

Answer 32

the free edge of the lesser omentum hepatic artery bile duct portal vein

Question 33

What secures the liver to the underside of the diaphragm?

Answer 33

left and right triangular ligaments

Question 34

What 'lobe' is superior to the porta hepatis?

Answer 34

caudate lobe

Question 35

What are the 2 duodenal ducts?

Answer 35

minor duodenal papillae | major duodenal papillae

Question 36

What 2 structures are around the entry of the major duodenal papillae?

Answer 36

Ampulla of Vater | Sphincter of Oddi

Question 37

What does the major duodenal papillae recieve secretions from?

Answer 37

main pancreatic duct | bile duct

Question 38

What stimulates gall bladder contraction?

Answer 38

food entering the digestive tract stimulates the release of CCK from duodenal I cells and the jejunum - conraction

Question 39

What causes haemolytic jaundice?

Answer 39

destruction of red blood cells, stimulating greater bilirubin production

Question 40

What causes cholestatic jaundice?

Answer 40

impaired bile formation (hepatocytes) | impaired bile flow (ducts)

Question 41

What cause liver cirrhosis?

Answer 41

repetitive scarring and injury from alcohol abuse, or hepatitis

Question 42

What usually causes cholecystitis?

Answer 42

gallbladder drainage blocked (gallstone maybe)

Question 43

What might cause congenital hyperbilirubinaemia?

Answer 43

bilirubin over-production | XS destruction of erythrocytes