3 Functions of the mouth and oesophagus Flashcards
What are the 3 main salivary glands?
Submandibular
Sublingual
Parotid
What 2 digestive enzymes would salivary glands secrete?
Amylase
Lipase
What 3 substances would salivary glands secrete with antibacterial function?
IgA
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
What is the antibacterial function of lysozyme?
it attacks the bacterial cell wall (stimulating cell lysis)
What is the antibacterial function of lactoferrin?
binds iron and its’ bacterial acid, preventing the bacteria from culminating
What 2 cell types does a salivary gland contain?
Acinar cells
Duct cells
In what 2 ways would salivary secretions lubricate the mouth?
hydration
protection of mucosa (cytoprotection)
What type of secretions do the 3 main salivary glands secrete, and which one comprises the largest proportion?
Parotid - serous
Submandibular - mixed (MOST)
Sublingual - mucous
What is the function of duct cells, and how do they achieve this?
What is the significance of this?
modify acinar secretions
extract Na+ and Cl-
secrete K+ and HCO3-
(alkaline saliva protects teeth from acids and neutralises gastric acid in reflux)
What is Sjogern’s syndrome, and how would it present?
Autoimmune attack on salivary and tear glands
Presents as dry mouth and eyes (xerostomia)
What are the 3 symptoms of Mumps?
headache
fever
swelling around neck
How do each of the slaivary glands receive their parasympathetic innervation?
Submandibular and sublingual (Facial nerve 7 - submandibular ganglion)
Parotid (Glossopharyngeal nerve 9 - Otic ganglion)
What are the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation on salivary glands?
parasympathetic - increased secretion
sympathetic - vasoconstriction, thick mucous secretion
What are the 4 phases of swallowing?
Oral preparatory phase
Oral phase
pharyngeal phase
oesophageal phase
What are the features of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
bolus transported through the pharynx
coordinated closure of glottis via movement of epiglottis
cessation of breathing
relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter
Where does the oesphagus pass through the diaphragm?
The oesophageal hiatus at T10
Name 6 potential causes of GORD
obesity hiatus hernia drugs lowering LOS tone pregnancy Zollinger Ellison syndrome Gastrin secreting tumour
Name 3 symptoms of GORD
Heartburn
Dysphagia
Laryngopharyngeal reflux
How might you treat GORD?
conservative - weight loss
medical - decrease acid PPI’s, H2 blockers, Antacids
Surgical - fundoplication
What is fundoplication?
anti-reflux surgery
What is one complication of GORD?
Barrett’s Metaplasia, the pre-malignant condition for oesophageal adenocarcinoma
What happens in Barret’s Metaplasia?
Change in mucosa type from stratified squamous epihtelia to simple columnar epithelia, with many basal mucous secreting glands
Where is oesophageal adenocarcinoma most likely to occur?
close to the gastro-oesophageal junction
What is achlasia?
the failure to relax
motor disorder of the oesophagus
loss of myenteric plexus at the lower oesophageal sphincter
a poorly relaxing LOS
(basically makes it hard for stuff to get into the stomach)
How might you treat achlasia?
botox injection
balloon
heller’s myotomy
