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2 DIG > AP03 - Histology of the digestive tract and togopraphy of the small and large intestines > Flashcards

AP03 - Histology of the digestive tract and togopraphy of the small and large intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What defines the bounderies of he small intestine?

A

pylorus

ileocaecal-junction

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2
Q

What are the 3 main sections to the intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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3
Q

What is the general function of the large intestine?

A

delaying passage of liquid to allow more time for absorption

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4
Q

In embryological development of the GIT, what help relocate the gut on its’ return to the abdominal cavity?
Where are they?

A

retention bands

duodenal-jejunal flexure
splenic flexure

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5
Q

Whch parts of the intestine are fused to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

ascending and decening colon

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6
Q

What are the 5 main phases in the GIT functino?

A 
ingestion
fragmentation
digestion
absorption
elimination
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7
Q

What are the layers to the GIT?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
muscularis propria
serosa or adventitia

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8
Q

What are the sub layers to the mucosa?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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9
Q

What are the sub layers to the muscularis propria?

A

circular muscle
auerbach’s myenteric plexus
longitudinal muscle

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10
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria?

A

has blood and lymph vasculature

supports the epithelium, which is avascular

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11
Q

What is the structure of hte lip?

A

Vermillion zone is keratinized stratified squamous epithelia

underneath is thick in sensory bits and capillaries, making it pink

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12
Q

Where and what is contained within the circumvalate papillae?

A

8-12 just before tongue terminal sulcus

salivary von Ebner glands hae entry into surrounding grooves

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13
Q

What is the structure of taste buds?

A

gustatory cells and gustatory microvilli connect the taste pore to the underlying sensory nerve

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14
Q

What does the pulp cavity of a tooth contain?

what is another name for it?

A

capillaries and sensory fibres

perioduntium

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15
Q

What is the main chemical constituent of enamel, and whihc cell type forms this?

A

calcium hydroxypatite, formed in the developing tooth by ameloblasts

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16
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oesophagus?

What protects it?

A

nonkerainized stratified squamous epithelium

oesophageal gland secretions

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17
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete?

A

mucous

bicarbonate

18
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A 
gastric acid (HCl)
intrinsic factor (Calcium absorption)
19
Q

What do enterchromaffin like cells secrete?

A

histamine

20
Q

What do chief cellls secrete?

A

pepsin

gastric lipase

21
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

22
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

23
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells?

A

umbrel term for cells of the GIT and pancreas with endocrine function (doesn’t secrete steroids)

24
Q

by what factor do villi and microvilli increase surface area by?

A

villi x3
microvilli x10
(combined x30)

25
Q

Where are the crypts of Leiberkuhn and what do they produce?

A

colon

THEY ARE GLANDS lining of the crypts contain stem cells, which differentiate and migrate out, forming goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells

26
Q

What types of cells are in crypts of Leiberkuhn?

A

Paneth cells - producing defensin

Stem cells

27
Q

What are Peye’s patches?

A

lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum

help immunity, monitoring intestinal bacterial populations

28
Q

How might you differentiate between ileum and duodenum?

A

ileum - peyer’s patches in mucosa

duodenum - bicarbonate secreting mucous cells

29
Q

How does lymph in the bowel differ from those draining other tissues?

A

Lacteals absorbs fats, transporting chyle into Lymph vessels

30
Q

What is the difference between stenosis and atresia?

A

both are congenital narrowing of spaces

atresia is full, stenosis is partial

31
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

three ribbons of longitudinal muscle, following the ascending, transverse, and descending colons respectively

32
Q

What is a merkel’s diverticulum?

A

congenital bulge in the lower ileum

2-3% of the population

33
Q

Why might a colonoscopy in women be harder?

A

their colon is a bit longer

34
Q

What 2 GI structures do we consider when describing defecation?

A

sigmoid colon

rectum

35
Q

Where are the internal and external anal sphincter located?

What lies between them?

A

right at the end of the rectum

anal sinuses

36
Q

Where are the sensory nerves stimulating defecation?

What is theme of this nerve?

A

sigmoid colon

pelvic nerve

37
Q

What type of nerve stimulates the involuntary defecation reflex, and where are the muscles is stimulates?

A

autonomic parasympathetic

sigmoid colon and internal anal sphincter

38
Q

What nerve controls the external anal sphincter, what kind of control is this?

A

pudendal nerve

somatic control

39
Q

What is caeliac disease?

A

AI attack on cells when gliadin from gluten is absorbed

40
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

point over the abdomen 1/3 of distance from ASIS to umbilicus

marks the attachment of appendix to the colon

2 DIG (28 decks)

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