ANTIVIRAL Flashcards
Potent and selective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase enzymes, which are glycoproteins found on the virion surface.
Oseltamivir
Enfuvirtide
Amantadine
Darunavir
Oseltamivir
Binds to the first heptad-repeat (HR1) in the gp41 subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein and prevents the conformational changes required for the fusion of viral and cellular membranes.
Enfuvirtide
Ritonavir
Nirmatrelvir
Acyclovir
Enfuvirtide
Interferes with a viral protein, M2 (an ion channel), which is needed for the viral particle to become “uncoated” once it is taken inside the cell by endocytosis.
Enfuvirtide
Ritonavir
Amantadine
Foscarnet
Amantadine
A HIV protease inhibitor, prevents HIV replication through binding to the enzyme, stopping the dimerization and the catalytic activity of HIV-1 protease
it inhibits the cleavage of HIV encoded Gag-Pol proteins in cells that have been infected with the virus
Enfuvirtide
Darunavir
Ritonavir
Nirmatrelvir
Darunavir
Potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 isoenzyme present both in the intestinal tract and liver
Enfuvirtide
Darunavir
Ritonavir
Nirmatrelvir
Ritonavir
has higher affinity for viral DNA polymerase than cellular DNA polymerase and incorporates into the DNA where the missing 2’ and 3’ carbons causes DNA chain termination.
competes so strongly for viral DNA polymerase that other bases cannot associate with the enzyme, inactivating it
Acyclovir
Foscarnet
Remdesivir
lamivudine
acyclovir
selective inhibition at the pyrophosphate binding site on virus-specific DNA polymerases at concentrations that do not affect cellular DNA polymerases.
Acyclovir
Foscarnet
Remdesivir
lamivudine
Foscarnet
Directly inhibits viral mRNA polymerase by binding to the nucleotide binding site of the enzyme
demonstrates an inhibitory action on viral mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA 2′-O-methyltransferase of dengue virus
Foscarnet
ribavirin
Remdesivir
lamivudine
ribavirin
Binds to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting viral replication through premature termination of RNA transcription
Foscarnet
ribavirin
Remdesivir
lamivudine
Remdesivir
A synthetic nucleoside analogue and is phosphorylated intracellularly to its active 5’-triphosphate metabolite,
This nucleoside analogue is incorporated into viral DNA by HIV reverse transcriptase and HBV polymerase, resulting in DNA chain termination.
Foscarnet
ribavirin
Remdesivir
lamivudine
lamivudine
Potent inhibitor of the viral reverse transcriptase
Remdesivir
lamivudine
tenofovir
efavirenz
tenofovir
Direct inhibition of the reverse transcriptase enzyme of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).
It directly binds reverse transcriptase and consequently blocks DNA-dependent and RNA-dependent polymerase activity
Remdesivir
lamivudine
Etravirine
efavirenz
Etravirine
Inhibits HIV integrase to prevent the viral genome being incorporated into the human genome.
Etravirine
Raltegravir
Nucleozin
Interferon
Raltegravir
Targets influenza A nucleoprotein, a multifunctional, RNA-binding protein necessary for virus replication. It induces the formation of nucleoptotein aggregates and inhibits its accumulation, interfering with viral replication
Etravirine
Raltegravir
Nucleozin
Interferon
Nucleozin
Targets and inhibits human host cyclophilins, thereby inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in hepatocytes.
Alisporivir
Aplaviroc
Nucleozin
Interferon
Alisporivir
Treatment of acute, uncomplicated illness due to influenza A and B infection in patients 2 weeks of age and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 48 hours
prophylaxis of influenza in patients one year and older
OSELTAMIVIR
S/E OSELTAMIVIR
Nausea, vomiting, psychiatric effects
Enveloped viruses penetrate by fusion of the viral membrane with the cell membrane, while “naked” viruses penetrate the cell by phagocytosis of the virion and releasing viral genome into the host cytoplasm.
ENTRY INHIBITORS
ENTRY INHIBITORS THAT ARE ANTI HIV
Enfuvirtide, Sifuvirtide
Human rhinovirus inhibitor
amantadine
pleconaril
enfuvirtide
oseltamivir
Pleconaril
Used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1/AIDS
amantadine
pleconaril
enfuvirtide
oseltamivir
enfuvirtide
adverse reaction of enfuvirtide
- Injection site reactions (pain, hardening of skin,erythema,nodules,cysts, itch)
- Peripheral neuropathy, insomnia, depression, cough, dyspnea,anorexia,arthralgia, infections (including bacterialpneumonia), and/oreosinophilia
- Hypersensitivity reactions
Another antiviral drug target is the uncoating step during viral infection, which is the process of capsid disintegration, retaining the virus in the encapsulated state, and not allowing the virus to release its genomic material into the host cell to interrupt the virus replicative cycle before it proceeds to the reverse transcriptase step.
UNCOATING INHIBITORS
Amantadine, Rimantadine
- For the chemoprophylaxis, prophylaxis, and treatment of signs and symptoms of infection caused by various strains of influenza A virus.
- Also, for the treatment of parkinsonism and drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions.
Amantadine
adverse effect of amantadine
- Orthostatic hypotension, syncope, peripheral edema, dizziness, delusions, hallucinations, falls, xerostomia, and constipation
- Serious adverse effects include neuroleptic malignant syndrome, psychosis, suicidal ideation, and CNS depression
prevent viral replication by blocking proteolytic cleavage of protein precursors that are necessary for the production of infectious particles. It should be noted that most viruses also encode proteases, which protect viral proteins by modulating host cell.
Protease inhibitors
protease inhibitor that are Anti-HIV
Nelfinavir, Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir, Darunavir, Saquinavir, Atazanavir, Indinavir, Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Tipranavir, Simeprevir
protease inhibitor that is used for COVID
Nirmatrelvir
indication of this drug
- co-administered with ritonavir, and with other antiretroviral agents, is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in children age 3 or above and adults with HIV-1 infection.
amantadine
enfuvirtide
acyclovir
darunavir
darunavir
adverse effect of darunavir
> 10%:
Dermatologic: Skin rash
Endocrine & metabolic: Increased serum cholesterol, increased LDL cholesterol, increased serum glucose
Gastrointestinal: Vomiting, nausea, diarrhea
Has received FDA emergency use authorization, in combination with ritonavir, for the treatment of Mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and pediatric patients
12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg
With positive results of direct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral testing
Who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.
a, acyclovir
b. nirmatrelvir
c. darunavir
d. ritonavir
b. nirmatrelvir
nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets, co-packaged for oral use
paxlovid
not authorized for use for longer than five consecutive days.
side effects of Paxlovid include
- Impaired sense of taste, diarrhea, high blood pressure and muscle aches
- In people with uncontrolled or undiagnosed HIV-1 infection may lead to HIV-1 drug resistance
- Ritonavir may cause liver damage, so caution should be exercised when giving Paxlovid to patients with preexisting liver diseases, liver enzyme abnormalities or liver inflammation.
the drug of choice for the prophylactic and curative treatment of herpes simplex (genital herpes) virus and varicella-zoster (shingles) virus infection
acyclovir
valcyclovir
Valganciclovir
acyclovir
used for the treatment of herpes, varicella zoster, and cytomegaloviruses
acyclovir
valcyclovir
Valganciclovir
valcyclovir
used for the treatment of herpes, varicella zoster, and cytomegaloviruses
acyclovir
valcyclovir
Valganciclovir
valcyclovir
is effective for the treatment of AIDS-related CMV retinitis, and for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in high-risk solid organ transplant recipients.
acyclovir
valganciclovir
valacyclovir
valganciclovir
Used to treat herpes simplex,Varicella zoster, herpes zoster, herpes labialis, and acute herpetic keratitis
ACYCLOVIR
- acyclovir topical cream is indicated to treat recurrent herpes labialis in immunocompetent patients 12 years and older.
- An acyclovir ophthalmic ointment is indicated to treat acute herpetic keratitis.
- Acyclovir oral tablets, capsules, and suspensions are indicated to treat herpes zoster, genital herpes, and chickenpox.
ADVERSER EFFECT OF ACYCLOVIR USE
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,encephalopathy(with IV use only), injection site reactions (with IV use only) and headache
ADVERSER EFFECT OF ACYCLOVIR USE
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,encephalopathy(with IV use only), injection site reactions (with IV use only) and headache
- For the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and for treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous HSV infections in immunocompromised patients.
foscarnet
- For the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and for treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous HSV infections in immunocompromised patients.
foscarnet
ADVERSE EFFECT OF FOSCARNET
- Nephrotoxicity— Increase in serum creatinine levels occurs on average in 45% of patients receiving foscarnet. Other nephrotoxic drugs should be avoided. Nephrotoxicity is usually reversible and can be reduced by dosage adjustment and adequate hydration.
- Electrolytedisturbances — Changes in calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphate levels occurs commonly and regular monitoring of electrolytes is necessary to avoid clinical toxicity
- Genitalulceration— Occurs more commonly in men and usually occurs during induction use of foscarnet. It is most likely a contact dermatitis due to high concentrations of foscarnet in urine. It usually resolves rapidly following discontinuation of the drug.
- CNS —Paresthesia,irritabilityandhallucinations.
