Antihypertensive Agents - Renin-angiotensin System Targeting Drugs

Question 1

How does the renin angiotensin aldosterone system work

Answer 1

Question 2

What is the effect of angiotensin II

Answer 2

Increase sympathetic activity
Tubular Na+ Cl- reabsorption and K+ excretion. H2O retention
Stimulate adrenal gland cortex
Arteriolar vasoconstriction
Stimulate pituitary gland - antidiuretic secretion

Question 3

What is angiotensinogen

Answer 3

Question 4

What is angiotensin I

Answer 4

Decapeptide

Question 5

What is angiotensin II

Answer 5

Octapeptide

Question 6

What is angiotensin III

Answer 6

Heptapeptide

Question 7

What are the drugs for the renin-angiotensin system

Answer 7

Question 8

What else can ACE inhibitors inhibit apart from conversion of angiotensin I to II

Answer 8

Bradykinin metabolism to the inactive form - causing an increase of bradykinin

Question 9

What is the effect of bradykinin increase

Answer 9

Question 10

Explain mode of binding of angiotensin I to ACE

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the role of zinc in ACE

Answer 11

Weaken the bind to hydrolysis the peptide link - removing 2 amino acids

Question 12

What is the important amino acid for ACE inhibitor

Answer 12

Proline

Question 13

Why did they want to prepare peptide similar to those of the snake venom

Answer 13

Question 14

What is teprotide

Answer 14

Question 15

What was the first ACE inhibitor antihypertensive agent

Answer 15

Captopril (capoten)

Question 16

Explain ACE inhibitors

Answer 16

Question 17

What are the 3 groups of ACEIs

Answer 17

Question 18

Why were dicarboxylate containing inhibitors developed

Answer 18

Question 19

Why is enalaprilate more potent than captropil

Answer 19

Question 20

What is a disadvantage of enalaprilat

Answer 20

Question 21

Explain what is enalapril (renitec)

Answer 21

Question 22

What is the benefit of enalapril being a prodrug

Answer 22

Make ester to mask the polarity by removing one carboxylic bond and enhance absorption → then hydrolyzed into active form

Question 23

Explain the phosphate containing ACE inhibitors

Answer 23

Question 24

What is aliskiren

Answer 24

Question 25

What is the advantage of renin inhibitors

Answer 25

Question 26

What is losartan

Answer 26

Question 27

Explain vasodilators

Answer 27

Question 28

Arterial dilator drugs are used for what

Answer 28

Question 29

Venous dilator drugs are used for what

Answer 29

Question 30

List the examples of vasodilators

Answer 30

Nitrates (nitric oxide releasing agents) K+ channel activation K+ channel openers Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Calcium channel blockers

Question 31

List the example of nitrate drugs

Answer 31

Nitroglycerin Sodium nitroprosside

Question 32

Give example of K+ channel activator

Answer 32

Hydralazine

Question 33

Give example of K+ channel opener

Answer 33

Minoxidil (rogaine)

Question 34

Give example of phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Answer 34

Sildehafil (viagra)

Question 35

Give example of calcium channel blockers

Answer 35

Hydropyridines ( nifedipine)

Question 36

Explain nitroglycerine

Answer 36

Question 37

Explain the nitric oxide mediated vasodilation

Answer 37

Question 38

Explain hydralazine and sodium nitroprusside

Answer 38

Question 39

What is the indication of nitroprusside

Answer 39

Hypertensive emergency

Question 40

What is the mechanism of hydralazine and sodium nitroprusside

Answer 40

Question 41

What is the toxicity of hydralazine and sodium nitroprusside

Answer 41

Question 42

Explain minoxidil

Answer 42

Question 43

Why is the side effect of minoxidil

Answer 43

Question 44

Explain calcium channel blockers

Answer 44

Question 45

Explain dihydropyridines

Answer 45

Question 46

What is the prototype of dihydropyridines

Answer 46

Nifedipine

Question 47

Explain verapamil and its use

Answer 47