ANTH 1000 - Ch. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

nocturnal

A

active at night and at rest during the day

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2
Q

arboreal

A

living in the trees

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3
Q

diurnal

A

active during the day and rest at night

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4
Q

grade

A

a general level of biological organization seen among a group of species; useful for constructing evolutionary relationship

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5
Q

clade

A

a taxonomic grouping that contains a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

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6
Q

Prosimii

A

a suborder of primates that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

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7
Q

Anthropoidea

A

a suborder of the primates that includes New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes (including humans)

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8
Q

Strepsirhini

A

in the alternate primate taxonomy, the suborder that includes the lemurs and larises without the tarsiers

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9
Q

Haplorhini

A

in the alternate primate taxonomy, the suborder that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

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10
Q

Platyrrhini

A

a primate infraorder that include New World monkeys

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11
Q

Catarrhini

A

A primate infraorder that includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans

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12
Q

hominoid

A

The taxonomic division superfamily withint the Old World primates that includes gibbons, siamangs, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans

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13
Q

hominid

A

African hominoid family that includes humans and their ancestors. Some scientists, recognizing the close relationship of humans, chimps, bonobos, and gorillas, use the term hominid to refer to all African hominoids. They then divide the hominid family into two subfamilies: the Paninae (chimps, bonobos, and gorillas) and the Homininae (humans and their ancestors).

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14
Q

hominin

A

the taxonomic subfamily or tribe within the primates that includes humans and our ancestors

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15
Q

dental formula

A

the number of each tooth type (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) on one half of each jaw. Unlike other mammals, primates posses equal numbers on their upper and lower jaws so the dental formula for the species is a single series of numbers

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16
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

within a single species, difference between males and females in the shape or size of a feature not directly related to reproduction, such as body size or canine tooth shape and size

17
Q

binocular vision

A

vision with increased depth perception from two eyes set next to each other, allowing their visual fields to overlap

18
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

complete three-dimensional vision (or depth perception) from binocular vision and nerve connections that run from each eye to both sides of the brain, allowing nerve cells to integrate the images derived from each eye

19
Q

fovea centralis

A

a shallow pit in the retina of the eye that enables an animal to focus on an object while maintaining visual contact with its surroundings

20
Q

ecological niche

A

a species’ way of life considered in the full context of its environment, including factors, such as diet, activity, terrain, vegetation, predators, prey, and climate

21
Q

vertebrate

A

an animal with a backbone, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

22
Q

cranium

A

the braincase of the skull

23
Q

foramen magnum

A

a large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes and connects to the brain

24
Q

clavicle

A

the collarbone connecting the sternum (breastbone) with the scapula (shoulder blade)

25
Q

suspensory hanging apparatus

A

the broad powerful shoulder joints and muscles found in all the hominoids, allowing these large bodies primates to hang suspended below the tree branches

26
Q

scapula

A

the shoulder blade

27
Q

brachiation

A

using the arms to move from branch to branch, with the body hanging suspended beneath the arms

28
Q

prehensile

A

having the ability to grasp

29
Q

opposable

A

able to bring the thumb or big toein contact with the tips of the other digits on the same hand or foot in order to grasp objects

30
Q

demographics

A

population characteristics such as the number of individuals of each age and sex