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ANTH 1000 > ANTH 1000 - Ch. 2 > Flashcards

ANTH 1000 - Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

primate

A

the group of mammals that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

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2
Q

mammal

A

the class of vertebrate animals distinguished by bodies covered with fur, self-regulating temperature, and, in females, milk-producing mammary glands

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3
Q

species

A

the smallest working units in the system of classification. Among living organisms, ____ are populations or groups of populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile viable offspring.

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4
Q

genus (genera, pl.)

A

in the system of plant and animal classification, a group of like species.

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5
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of classification

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6
Q

analogies

A

in biology, structures possessed by different organisms that are superficially similar due to similar function, without sharing a common developmental pathway or structure

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7
Q

homologies

A

in biology, structures possessed by two different organisms that arise in similar fashion and pass through similar stages during embryonic development through they may possess different functions

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8
Q

notochord

A

a rodlike structure of cartilage that, in vertebrates, is replaced by the vertebral column

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9
Q

natural selection

A

the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation

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10
Q

gene

A

a portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

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11
Q

law of segregation

A

the Mendelian principle that varients of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations

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12
Q

law of independent assortment

A

the Mendelian principle that genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another

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13
Q

chromosomes

A

in the cell nucleus, the structures visible during cellular division containing long strand of DNA combined with a protein

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14
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. The genetic material consisting of a complex molecule whose base structure directs the synthesis of proteins

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15
Q

chromatid

A

one half of the “X” shape of chromosomes visible once replication is complete. Sister _____ are exact copies of each other.

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16
Q

codon

A

three-base sequence of a gene that specifies a particular amino acid for inclusion in a protein

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17
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid; similar to DNA but with uracil substituted for the base thymine. Transcribes and carries instructions from DNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes, where it directs protein synthesis. Some simple life forms contain RNA only.

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18
Q

transcription

A

process of conversion of instructions from DNA into RNA

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19
Q

ribosomes

A

structures in the cell where translation occurs

20
Q

translation

A

process of conversion of RNA instructions into proteins

21
Q

genetic code

A

the sequence of three bases (a codon) that specifies the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis

22
Q

alleles

A

alternate forms of a single gene

23
Q

enzyme

A

protein that initiates and directs chemical reactions

24
Q

genome

A

the complete structure sequence of DNA for a species

25
Q

mitosis

A

a kind of cell division that produces new cells having exactly the same number of chromosome pairs, and hence copies of genes, as the parent cell.

26
Q

meiosis

A

a kind of cell division that produces the sex cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism

27
Q

homozygous

A

refers to a chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene.

28
Q

heterozygous

A

refers to a chromosome pair that bears different alleles for a single gene.

29
Q

genotype

A

the alleles possessed for a particular gene

30
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristic of an organism that may or may not reflect a particular genotype due to the variable expression of dominant and recessive alleles

31
Q

dominance

A

the ability of one allele for a trait to mask the presence of another allele

32
Q

recessive

A

an allele for a trait whose expression is masked by the presence of a dominant allele

33
Q

hemoglobin

A

the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

34
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

when two or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single characteristic

35
Q

population

A

in biology, a group of similar individuals that can and do interbreed

36
Q

gene pool

A

all the genetic variants possessed by members of a population

37
Q

evolution

A

changes in allele frequencies in populations; also known as microevolution

38
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

demonstrates algebraically that the percentages of individuals that are homozygous for the dominant allele, homozygous for the recessive allel, and heterozygous should remain constant from one generation to the next, provided that certain specified conditions are met

39
Q

mutation

A

chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation

40
Q

genetic drift

A

chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population

41
Q

founder effects

A

a particular form of genetic drift deriving from a small founding population not possessing all the alleles present in the original population

42
Q

gene flow

A

the introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another

43
Q

adaptation

A

a series of beneficial adjustments to the environment

44
Q

reproductive success

A

the relative production of fertile offspring by a genotype. in practical terms, the number of offspring produced by individual members of a population is tallied and compared to that of others

45
Q

stabilizing selection

A

natural selection acting to promote stability rather than change in a population’s gene pool

46
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

an inherited form of anemia caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin protein that causes the red blood cells to assum a sickle shape.

47
Q

clines

A

gradual changes in the frequency of an allele or trait over space

ANTH 1000 (24 decks)

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