ANTH 1000 - Ch. 16

Question 1

language

Answer 1

a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules

Question 2

symbol

Answer 2

a mark, sound, gesture, motion, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way

Question 3

signal

Answer 3

an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning

Question 4

linguistics

Answer 4

the modern scientific study of all aspects of language

Question 5

phonetics

Answer 5

the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language

Question 6

phonology

Answer 6

the study of language sounds

Question 7

phonemes

Answer 7

the smallest units of sounds that make a difference in meaning in a language

Question 8

morphology

Answer 8

the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words)

Question 9

morphemes

Answer 9

the smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language. They are distinct from phonemes, which can alter meaning, but have not meaning by themselves

Question 10

syntax

Answer 10

the patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences

Question 11

grammar

Answer 11

the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax

Question 12

language family

Answer 12

a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language

Question 13

linguistic divergence

Answer 13

the development of different languages from a single ancestral language

Question 14

glottochronology

Answer 14

in linguistics, a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor; based on analyzing core vocabularies

Question 15

core vocabulary

Answer 15

the most basic and long-lasting words in any language - pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects

Question 16

linguistic nationalism

Answer 16

the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms

Question 17

sociolinguistics

Answer 17

the study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories (such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech

Question 18

gendered speech

Answer 18

distinct male and female speech patterns, which vary across social and cultural settings

Question 19

dialects

Answer 19

varying forms of language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible

Question 20

code switching

Answer 20

changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another

Question 21

ethnolinguistics

Answer 21

a branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform each other

Question 22

linguistic relativity

Answer 22

the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language

Question 23

linguistic determinism

Answer 23

the idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us

Question 24

gestures

Answer 24

facial expressions and body postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages

Question 25

kinesics

Answer 25

a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages

Question 26

proxemics

Answer 26

the cross-cultural study of people’s perception and use of space3

Question 27

paralanguage

Answer 27

voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. These include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo

Question 28

tonal language

Answer 28

a language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning

Question 29

whistled speech

Answer 29

an exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of the sounds produced in spoken voice; also known as whistled language

Question 30

displacement

Answer 30

referring to things and events removed in time and space

Question 31

writing system

Answer 31

a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way

Question 32

alphabet

Answer 32

a series of symbols representing the sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order

Question 33

phonetics

Answer 33

The systematic study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds is _________.

Question 34

language

Answer 34

A system of communication based on symbols is called a __________.

Question 35

…they take no more than 50 sounds and put them together in meaningful ways according to rules that can be determined by linguists

Answer 35

All languages are organized on the same basic plan in that __________.

Question 36

whether or not the speakers of Apache or Navajo once spoke a common language

Answer 36

Which of the following would be an acceptable research topic in the field of historical linguistics

Question 37

False

Answer 37

T or F: Glottochronology assumes that the rate at which a language’s core vocabulary changes is variable and thus cannot be used to give an exact date for when two languages diverged

Question 38

False

Answer 38

T or F: Linguistic nationalism refers to the establishment of a nation which everyone speaks only one language.

Question 39

Kinesics

Answer 39

Paralanguage is to speech as __________ is to position of the body

Question 40

any form of body language

Answer 40

Kinesics is a method for notating and analyzing __________.

Question 41

phoneme

Answer 41

The smallest class of sound that makes a difference in meaning is a ___________.

Question 42

(not phonetics)

Answer 42

The study of abstract rules that guide the sound patterns of a language is called __________.