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APEX > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What family of enzymes catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule?

A

Kinases

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2
Q

What are the 4 categories of receptor-based signal transducers?

A

GPCRs
Gated ion channels
Enzyme-linked receptors
Soluble nuclear receptors

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3
Q

How many times does a GPCR span the plasma membrane?

A

7

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4
Q

Where are nicotine ACh receptors NOT located?
A. Autonomic ganglia
B. Neuromuscular junction
C. Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
D. Sinoatrial node

A

D. Sinoatrial node

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5
Q

Nicotine ACh receptor as are _____ receptors

A

Ionotropic

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6
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptors are ______ receptors

A

Metabotropic

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7
Q

______ is the main excitatory NT in the brain

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

_______ is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

A

GABA

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9
Q

______ is the primary inhibitory NT in the spinal cord and lower brain stem

A

Glycine

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10
Q

Which NT is a/w excitotoxicity?

A

Glutamate

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11
Q

Which GABA receptor is matbotropic?

A

GABA-B

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12
Q

Glutamate is converted to GABA by what type of enzymatic rxn?

A

Decarboxylation

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13
Q

What is the rate limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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14
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from?

A

Tryptophan

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15
Q

What is the end product of serotonin metabolism?

A

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

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16
Q

What enzymatic rxn is present in ALL biogenic amine NT biosynthesis?

A

Decarboxylation

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17
Q

What are the steps in catecholamine biosynthesis?

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylation -> Tyrosine
-> Tyrosine hydroxylation -> L-DOPA -> Decarboxylation (removal of CO2) ->
Dopamine -> NorEpi -> Epi

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18
Q

Hydroxylation adds an ___;
Decoarboxylation removes an___

A

OH; CO2

19
Q

What is the substrate for nitric oxide synthase?

A

L-arginine

20
Q

What are the 5 enzyme-linked receptors?

A
  1. Receptor guanylyl cyclase
  2. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
  3. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
  4. Receptor serine/threonine kinases
  5. Receptor tyrosine phosphatases
21
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are Gq? Gi?

A

Gq: M1,M3,M5
Gi: M2,M4

22
Q

Gq receptors

A

a1
M1 M3 M5
V1
H1

23
Q

Gi receptors

A

a2
M2 M4
D2

24
Q

Gs receptors

A

B1,2,3
D1
V2
H2

25
Q

Produces anti shivering
Depresses LOC
Inhibits insulin release
Promotes platelet aggregation

A

Alpha 2

26
Q

Rapid administration of dexmedetomidine can stimulate ________ leading to vasoconstriction and HTN

A

Postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors in the arterial and venous circulation

27
Q

What is the rate limiting factor in ACh synthesis?

A

Availability of substrates choline & acetyl-CoA

28
Q

____ is an antagonist of Ca+2 at the presynaptic nerve terminal

A

Mg+2

29
Q

SNS or PNS has a post to preganglionic nerve ratio of 30:1?

A

SNS

30
Q

Cell bodies arise from S2-S4
Short postganglionic fibers
Postganglionic fibers are cholinergic

A

PNS

31
Q

Origin of SNS

A

Thoracolumbar
T1-L3

32
Q

SNS cell bodies arise from ________ of spinal cord and axons exit via _______

A

Intermediolateral horn;
Ventral roots

33
Q

What is origin if PNS

A

Craniosacral
CN 3, 7, 9, 10
S2-S4

34
Q

Precise control of each effector tissue/organ. Post to preganglionic ratio 1:1 to 3:1

A

PNS

35
Q

Myelinated B fibers enter the sympathetic chain through what path? What is it called?

A

C
White rami

36
Q

All preganglionic B fibers release ____: they are (adrenergic/cholinergic)

A

ACh; cholinergic

37
Q

What 2 molecules are released by SNS stimulation of hepatocytes

A

Glucose & K

38
Q

How does bezold-jarisch reflex affect HR?

A

Bradycardia
Decreases in presence of hypovolemia to allow itself adequate time to fill

39
Q

NMDA receptor has binding sites for?

A

Glutamate
Glycine
Magnesium
Ketamine

40
Q

5-HIAA in the urine is consistent with what diagnosis?

A

Carcinoid tumors

41
Q

Raphe nuclei

A

Serotonin

42
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Dopamine

43
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

Noradrenergic (NorEpi)

44
Q

Nucleus tractors solitarius & rostral ventrolateral medulla

A

Adrenergic (Epi)

APEX (29 decks)

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