Anatomy Week 3 Flashcards
How many vertebrae are there?
7 Cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal
What region are these vertebrae found in: small pedicles and long spinous processes, more vertical facet joints, ROM limited; ribs/vertebrae connections are the long spinouis processes?
Thoracic region
What region are these vertebrae found in: longer, wider pedicles and the spinous processes are horizontal and more horizontal facet joints 90?
Lumbar region
What joints stabilise the spinal column whilst allowing movement, have superior and inferior articulations, are synovial joints and have hyaline cartilage?
Facet joints
What marks the upper cervical region?
C1+2
What vertebrae has no body and articulates with the occiput of the skull?
C1 - Atlas
What vertebra has a dens process?
C2 - Axis
Where is the greatest risk of injury in the spine?
At cervico-thoracic and thoraco-lumbar junctions
What is responsible for secondary curvature of the spine?
Intervertebral discs
Name the five ligaments of the spine?
- Anterior longitudinal ligament
- Posterior longitudinal ligament
- Ligamentum flavum - link vertebral laminae
- Supraspinous ligament
- Intraspinous ligament
What is the 3 column theory of denis?
1 column injured = stable
2 columns injured = maybe unstable
3 columns injured = unstable
What is the intermediate muscle of the spine?
Serratus posterior, superior and inferior
What is the origin and insertion of serratus muscles in spine?
Origin: spinous processes
Insertion: Ribs
Name the 4 superficial muscles of the spine?
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Rhomboid minor and major
- Levatus scapularis
What is the origin of trapezius, insertion and innervation?
Origin; spinous processes - T12
Insertion: occiput, spine of scapula
Innervation: accessory nerve
What superficial muscle of the spine elevates and depresses the scapula and retracts the scapula?
Trapezius
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of latissimus dorsi?
origin: spinous processes and pelvis
insertion: humerus
innervation: C6, C7, C8
What superficial spine muscle adducts, extends and internally rotates the humerus?
Latissimus dorsi
What is the origin of rhomboid major and minor?
MINOR: spinous processes C7/T1
MAJOR: spinous processes T2-T5
What are the insertions of rhomboid major, minor and the innervation too?
Insertions - medial border of scapula
Innervation - dorsal scapula nerve (C3/C4)
What muscles keep the scapula against the thoracic wall and retract it too?
Rhomboid major and minor
What are the origin, insertions and innervation of levatus scapularis?
Origin: transverse processes C1
Insertion: superior angle of scapula
Innervation: branches C4/C5
What superficial muscle elevates the scapula?
Levatus scapularis
What is the function of the deep muscles in the spine?
Movement of vertebral column and posture
What are the main deep uscles of the spine?
Erector spinae muscles
What erector spinae muscles are laterally, in between and medially?
Laterally - iliocostalis
In between - Longisimus thoracis
Medially - spinalis thoracis
What are the origin, insertion and innervation of erector spinae muscles?
Origin: occipit of skull
Insertion: pelvis
Innervation: posterior rami of the spinal nerves
What are the two parts of grey matter?
Posterior and anterior horns
What are the two parts of white matter?
Ascending and descending tracts
What is the origin of myotomes and dermotomes?
Spinal cord
What are muscles controlled by the motor element of the nerve root from a specific level?
Myotomes
What are skin sensations supplied by the sensory element of the nerve root from a specific level?
Dermatomes
What way are sensory tracts travelling in white matter?
Ascending
What way are motor tracts travelling in white matter?
Descending
Where does the descending crossed pyramidal motor tract cross?
At medullary level and descends spine on contralateral side of cord
What side does an uncrossed pyrimidal descending motor tract travel?
Ipsilateral side and crosses at same level it exits the cord - so exits from the contralateral side
What are two ascending sensory tracts?
Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts
What tracts ascend the spine on the ipsilateral side of cord, enter cerebellum and carry information relating to proprioception?
Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts
What two ascending sensory tracts enter then ascend the spine on the ispilateral side, then cross and ascend the spine on the contralateral side of cord, enter thalamus and carry information relating to pain and temperature?
Lateral and anterior spinothelamic tracts
What are the two ascending sensory tract posterior columns?
- Fasciculus gracilis of Goll
2. Fasciculus cuneatus of Burdach
What ascending sensory tracts ascend the spine on the ipsilateral side of cord and carry information relating to fine touch and proprioception?
Fasciculus gracilis of Goll
Fasciculus cuneatus of Burdach
What structures enter the anterior horn of the grey matter and are transmitted via the ventral root to the nerve root then the muscle action?
Descending motor tracts
What do the ventral and dorsal roots join to become?
The nerve root
What do the nerve roots divide to form?
Posterior and anterior rami
What does the posterior rami serve?
Intrinsic muscles of back and the strip of skin sensation in centre of back
Where do anterior and posterior spinal arteries come from?
Descend from the pia
From intracranial part of vertebral artery
What are teh anterior and posterior spinal arteries reinforced at each level by?
Branches from ascending cervical, intercostal and lumbar arteries
What is Batson’s venous plexus?
A netword of valveless veins which connect the deep pelvic veins and thoracic veins (draining the inferior end of bladder, breast and prostate) to the internal vertebral venous plexuses
What has serious implications re haematological spread of carcinomas of the prostate/
Batson’s venous plexus
Name the two hip flexor muscles?
- Iliacus
2. Psoas major
What is the origin and insertion of iliacus?
Origin: iliac crest/inner aspect of ilium
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
What is the origin and insertion of psoas major?
Origin: transverse processes L1-L5
Insertion: lesser trochanter
Name the two secondary hip flexors
- Rectus femoris
2. Sartorius
What is the origin and insertion for rectus femoris?
Origin: AIIS
Insertion: tibia via patella tendon
What is the origin and insertion of sartorius?
Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Tibia
What are adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, pectineus and gracilis?
Hip adductors
What is the common origin of hip adductors and insertion?
Common origin: inferior pubic rami
Insertion: linea aspera, pectineal line, tibia
Name the three hip abductor muscles?
- Gluteus minimus
- Gluteus medius
- Tensor fascia lata
What is the origin and insertion for gluteus minimus/medius?
Origin: iliac wing
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur
What is the insertion and origin for tensor fascia lata?
Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: lateral tibia via ilitibial tract
Name the main hip extensor?
Gluteus maximus
What is the origin and insertion for gluteus maximus?
Origin: posterior aspect of ileum/sacrum
Insertion: iliotibial tract
Name the three hamstring muscles (hip extensors/knee flexors)?
- Biceps femoris
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
What is the origin of biceps femoris and insertion?
Origin: long head - ischeal tuberosity, short head - linea aspera
Insertion: fibula head
What is the origin and insertion for semimembranosus?
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: posterior tibia
What is the origin and insertion for semitendinosus?
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial tibia
What knee ligaments resist varus and valgus at the knee joint?
Medial and lateral colalteral ligaments
What knee ligament resists anterior translation and external rotation of the tibia on the femur?
ACL
What knee ligament resists posterior translation of the tibia on the femur?
PCL
What knee structures load transfer, increase femoro-tibial conformity, stabilise knee during movement and lubricate the knee?
Meniscus
Give four factors which may predispose to patellar instability/dysfunction?
- Genu valgum
- Femoral head anteversion
- Weak quadriceps
- Ligamentous laxity
What four muscles make up the quadriceps muscle?
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus lateralis
What is the common insertion for quadriceps?
Tibia via patellar tendon
What is the origin of rectus femoris?
AIIS
What is the origin of vastus intermedius?
Anterolateral prox. femur
What is the origin of vastus medialis?
Medial edge linea aspera
Greater trochanter
What is the origin of vastus lateralis?
Medial edge linea aspera
Lesser trochanter
What four muscles make up anterior compartment of leg?
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Peroneus tertius
What neurovascular structures are in anterior compartment of leg?
Deep peroneal nerve
Anterior tibial vessels
What two muscles make up lateral compartment of leg?
- Fibularis/peroneus longus
2. Fibularis/peroneus brevis
What neurovascular structures are in lateral compartment of leg?
Superficial peroneal nerve
What 4 muscles are in deep posterior compartment of leg?
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Popliteus
What two neurovascular bundles are in deep posterior compartment of leg?
Tibial nerve
Posterior tibial vessles
What 3 muscles are in superficial posterior compartment of leg?
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
What neurovascular structures are in superficial posterior compartment of leg?
- Medial sural cutaneous nerve
What nerve comes off L4-S2?
Common fibular
Name the three ankle plantar flexors?
- Gastrocnemius: med & lat head
- Soleus
- Plantaris
What is the origin of gastrocnemius med and lateral head?
Femoral condyles
What is the origin of soleus?
Broad area of posterior tibia/fibula
What is the origin of plantaris?
Lateral femoral condyle
What is the common insertion fo the ankle plantar flexors?
Calcaneous via achilles tendon
Name an ankle dorsiflexor?
Tibialis anterior
What is the origin and insertion for tibialis anterior?
Origin: lateral surface proximal tibia
Insertion: medial cuniform/base 1st metatarsal
What are the ankle ligaments medially and laterally?
Medially : deltoid ligaments
Laterally : lateral ligament complex
Name two medial arch supporting structures?
Tibialis posterior tendon
Spring ligament
What are the origin and insertion for tibialis posterior tendon?
Origin: posterior proximal tibia/fibula
Insertion: navicular/plantar surface of medial cuneiform
What is another term for spring ligament?
Calcaneonavicular ligament
What is the insertion and origin of plantar fascia?
Origin: tuberosity of calcaneus
Insertion: heads of metatarsals