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JL Musculoskeletal > Anatomy Week 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A 
7 Cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
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2
Q

What region are these vertebrae found in: small pedicles and long spinous processes, more vertical facet joints, ROM limited; ribs/vertebrae connections are the long spinouis processes?

A

Thoracic region

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3
Q

What region are these vertebrae found in: longer, wider pedicles and the spinous processes are horizontal and more horizontal facet joints 90?

A

Lumbar region

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4
Q

What joints stabilise the spinal column whilst allowing movement, have superior and inferior articulations, are synovial joints and have hyaline cartilage?

A

Facet joints

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5
Q

What marks the upper cervical region?

A

C1+2

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6
Q

What vertebrae has no body and articulates with the occiput of the skull?

A

C1 - Atlas

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7
Q

What vertebra has a dens process?

A

C2 - Axis

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8
Q

Where is the greatest risk of injury in the spine?

A

At cervico-thoracic and thoraco-lumbar junctions

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9
Q

What is responsible for secondary curvature of the spine?

A

Intervertebral discs

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10
Q

Name the five ligaments of the spine?

A
  1. Anterior longitudinal ligament
  2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
  3. Ligamentum flavum - link vertebral laminae
  4. Supraspinous ligament
  5. Intraspinous ligament
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11
Q

What is the 3 column theory of denis?

A

1 column injured = stable
2 columns injured = maybe unstable
3 columns injured = unstable

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12
Q

What is the intermediate muscle of the spine?

A

Serratus posterior, superior and inferior

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13
Q

What is the origin and insertion of serratus muscles in spine?

A

Origin: spinous processes
Insertion: Ribs

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14
Q

Name the 4 superficial muscles of the spine?

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus dorsi
  3. Rhomboid minor and major
  4. Levatus scapularis
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15
Q

What is the origin of trapezius, insertion and innervation?

A

Origin; spinous processes - T12
Insertion: occiput, spine of scapula
Innervation: accessory nerve

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16
Q

What superficial muscle of the spine elevates and depresses the scapula and retracts the scapula?

A

Trapezius

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17
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of latissimus dorsi?

A

origin: spinous processes and pelvis
insertion: humerus
innervation: C6, C7, C8

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18
Q

What superficial spine muscle adducts, extends and internally rotates the humerus?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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19
Q

What is the origin of rhomboid major and minor?

A

MINOR: spinous processes C7/T1
MAJOR: spinous processes T2-T5

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20
Q

What are the insertions of rhomboid major, minor and the innervation too?

A

Insertions - medial border of scapula

Innervation - dorsal scapula nerve (C3/C4)

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21
Q

What muscles keep the scapula against the thoracic wall and retract it too?

A

Rhomboid major and minor

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22
Q

What are the origin, insertions and innervation of levatus scapularis?

A

Origin: transverse processes C1
Insertion: superior angle of scapula
Innervation: branches C4/C5

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23
Q

What superficial muscle elevates the scapula?

A

Levatus scapularis

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24
Q

What is the function of the deep muscles in the spine?

A

Movement of vertebral column and posture

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25
Q

What are the main deep uscles of the spine?

A

Erector spinae muscles

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26
Q

What erector spinae muscles are laterally, in between and medially?

A

Laterally - iliocostalis
In between - Longisimus thoracis
Medially - spinalis thoracis

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27
Q

What are the origin, insertion and innervation of erector spinae muscles?

A

Origin: occipit of skull
Insertion: pelvis
Innervation: posterior rami of the spinal nerves

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28
Q

What are the two parts of grey matter?

A

Posterior and anterior horns

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29
Q

What are the two parts of white matter?

A

Ascending and descending tracts

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30
Q

What is the origin of myotomes and dermotomes?

A

Spinal cord

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31
Q

What are muscles controlled by the motor element of the nerve root from a specific level?

A

Myotomes

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32
Q

What are skin sensations supplied by the sensory element of the nerve root from a specific level?

A

Dermatomes

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33
Q

What way are sensory tracts travelling in white matter?

A

Ascending

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34
Q

What way are motor tracts travelling in white matter?

A

Descending

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35
Q

Where does the descending crossed pyramidal motor tract cross?

A

At medullary level and descends spine on contralateral side of cord

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36
Q

What side does an uncrossed pyrimidal descending motor tract travel?

A

Ipsilateral side and crosses at same level it exits the cord - so exits from the contralateral side

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37
Q

What are two ascending sensory tracts?

A

Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts

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38
Q

What tracts ascend the spine on the ipsilateral side of cord, enter cerebellum and carry information relating to proprioception?

A

Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts

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39
Q

What two ascending sensory tracts enter then ascend the spine on the ispilateral side, then cross and ascend the spine on the contralateral side of cord, enter thalamus and carry information relating to pain and temperature?

A

Lateral and anterior spinothelamic tracts

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40
Q

What are the two ascending sensory tract posterior columns?

A
  1. Fasciculus gracilis of Goll

2. Fasciculus cuneatus of Burdach

41
Q

What ascending sensory tracts ascend the spine on the ipsilateral side of cord and carry information relating to fine touch and proprioception?

A

Fasciculus gracilis of Goll

Fasciculus cuneatus of Burdach

42
Q

What structures enter the anterior horn of the grey matter and are transmitted via the ventral root to the nerve root then the muscle action?

A

Descending motor tracts

43
Q

What do the ventral and dorsal roots join to become?

A

The nerve root

44
Q

What do the nerve roots divide to form?

A

Posterior and anterior rami

45
Q

What does the posterior rami serve?

A

Intrinsic muscles of back and the strip of skin sensation in centre of back

46
Q

Where do anterior and posterior spinal arteries come from?

A

Descend from the pia

From intracranial part of vertebral artery

47
Q

What are teh anterior and posterior spinal arteries reinforced at each level by?

A

Branches from ascending cervical, intercostal and lumbar arteries

48
Q

What is Batson’s venous plexus?

A

A netword of valveless veins which connect the deep pelvic veins and thoracic veins (draining the inferior end of bladder, breast and prostate) to the internal vertebral venous plexuses

49
Q

What has serious implications re haematological spread of carcinomas of the prostate/

A

Batson’s venous plexus

50
Q

Name the two hip flexor muscles?

A
  1. Iliacus

2. Psoas major

51
Q

What is the origin and insertion of iliacus?

A

Origin: iliac crest/inner aspect of ilium
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

52
Q

What is the origin and insertion of psoas major?

A

Origin: transverse processes L1-L5
Insertion: lesser trochanter

53
Q

Name the two secondary hip flexors

A
  1. Rectus femoris

2. Sartorius

54
Q

What is the origin and insertion for rectus femoris?

A

Origin: AIIS
Insertion: tibia via patella tendon

55
Q

What is the origin and insertion of sartorius?

A

Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Tibia

56
Q

What are adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, pectineus and gracilis?

A

Hip adductors

57
Q

What is the common origin of hip adductors and insertion?

A

Common origin: inferior pubic rami

Insertion: linea aspera, pectineal line, tibia

58
Q

Name the three hip abductor muscles?

A
  1. Gluteus minimus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Tensor fascia lata
59
Q

What is the origin and insertion for gluteus minimus/medius?

A

Origin: iliac wing
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur

60
Q

What is the insertion and origin for tensor fascia lata?

A

Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: lateral tibia via ilitibial tract

61
Q

Name the main hip extensor?

A

Gluteus maximus

62
Q

What is the origin and insertion for gluteus maximus?

A

Origin: posterior aspect of ileum/sacrum
Insertion: iliotibial tract

63
Q

Name the three hamstring muscles (hip extensors/knee flexors)?

A
  1. Biceps femoris
  2. Semimembranosus
  3. Semitendinosus
64
Q

What is the origin of biceps femoris and insertion?

A

Origin: long head - ischeal tuberosity, short head - linea aspera
Insertion: fibula head

65
Q

What is the origin and insertion for semimembranosus?

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: posterior tibia

66
Q

What is the origin and insertion for semitendinosus?

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial tibia

67
Q

What knee ligaments resist varus and valgus at the knee joint?

A

Medial and lateral colalteral ligaments

68
Q

What knee ligament resists anterior translation and external rotation of the tibia on the femur?

A

ACL

69
Q

What knee ligament resists posterior translation of the tibia on the femur?

A

PCL

70
Q

What knee structures load transfer, increase femoro-tibial conformity, stabilise knee during movement and lubricate the knee?

A

Meniscus

71
Q

Give four factors which may predispose to patellar instability/dysfunction?

A
  1. Genu valgum
  2. Femoral head anteversion
  3. Weak quadriceps
  4. Ligamentous laxity
72
Q

What four muscles make up the quadriceps muscle?

A
  1. Rectus femoris
  2. Vastus intermedius
  3. Vastus medialis
  4. Vastus lateralis
73
Q

What is the common insertion for quadriceps?

A

Tibia via patellar tendon

74
Q

What is the origin of rectus femoris?

A

AIIS

75
Q

What is the origin of vastus intermedius?

A

Anterolateral prox. femur

76
Q

What is the origin of vastus medialis?

A

Medial edge linea aspera

Greater trochanter

77
Q

What is the origin of vastus lateralis?

A

Medial edge linea aspera

Lesser trochanter

78
Q

What four muscles make up anterior compartment of leg?

A
  1. Tibialis anterior
  2. Extensor hallucis longus
  3. Extensor digitorum longus
  4. Peroneus tertius
79
Q

What neurovascular structures are in anterior compartment of leg?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

Anterior tibial vessels

80
Q

What two muscles make up lateral compartment of leg?

A
  1. Fibularis/peroneus longus

2. Fibularis/peroneus brevis

81
Q

What neurovascular structures are in lateral compartment of leg?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

82
Q

What 4 muscles are in deep posterior compartment of leg?

A
  1. Tibialis posterior
  2. Flexor hallucis longus
  3. Flexor digitorum longus
  4. Popliteus
83
Q

What two neurovascular bundles are in deep posterior compartment of leg?

A

Tibial nerve

Posterior tibial vessles

84
Q

What 3 muscles are in superficial posterior compartment of leg?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Soleus
  3. Plantaris
85
Q

What neurovascular structures are in superficial posterior compartment of leg?

A
  1. Medial sural cutaneous nerve
86
Q

What nerve comes off L4-S2?

A

Common fibular

87
Q

Name the three ankle plantar flexors?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius: med & lat head
  2. Soleus
  3. Plantaris
88
Q

What is the origin of gastrocnemius med and lateral head?

A

Femoral condyles

89
Q

What is the origin of soleus?

A

Broad area of posterior tibia/fibula

90
Q

What is the origin of plantaris?

A

Lateral femoral condyle

91
Q

What is the common insertion fo the ankle plantar flexors?

A

Calcaneous via achilles tendon

92
Q

Name an ankle dorsiflexor?

A

Tibialis anterior

93
Q

What is the origin and insertion for tibialis anterior?

A

Origin: lateral surface proximal tibia
Insertion: medial cuniform/base 1st metatarsal

94
Q

What are the ankle ligaments medially and laterally?

A

Medially : deltoid ligaments

Laterally : lateral ligament complex

95
Q

Name two medial arch supporting structures?

A

Tibialis posterior tendon

Spring ligament

96
Q

What are the origin and insertion for tibialis posterior tendon?

A

Origin: posterior proximal tibia/fibula
Insertion: navicular/plantar surface of medial cuneiform

97
Q

What is another term for spring ligament?

A

Calcaneonavicular ligament

98
Q

What is the insertion and origin of plantar fascia?

A

Origin: tuberosity of calcaneus
Insertion: heads of metatarsals

JL Musculoskeletal (35 decks)

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