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MSK > Anatomy of Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Where do nerves enter and exit pelvis and peritoneum?

A

Greater sciatic foramen - pelvis

Lesser sciatic foramen - peritoneum

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2
Q

What forms the sciatic formamen?

What one runs vertically?
What one runs horizontally?

A

Sacrotuberous (vertically)
- from sacrum to ischial tuberosity

+ sacrospinous ligaments (horizontally)
- from sacrum to ischial spine

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3
Q

What forms the borders of the quatrants of the gluteal region?

A

Superior to femoral bone - horizontal line

Along iliac crest - vertical line

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4
Q

Where is the best region for gluteal injection?

A

Superior outer

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5
Q

What nevres are found in the gluteal region?

What do they all innvervate?

A

Sciatic (L4-S3)

  • most of skin - via tibial and common fibular branches
  • ALL leg and foot muscles

Pudendal (S2-S4) - perineum

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-S3)

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6
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve exit gluteal region?

Where does it seperate?

A

Piriformis

Gluteal region

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7
Q

What nerve has its own blood supply?

A

Sciatic - largest nerve in body

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8
Q

What is contained within the femoral triangle?

A 
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Empty space 
Lympthatics (femoral canal)

NAVEL

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9
Q

Name the 3 compartments of thigh and leg

A

Both anterior and posterior

Thigh - medial
Leg - lateral

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10
Q

Flexors of thigh and extensors of leg are found where?

What are their names?

A

Anterior compartment of thigh

Flexors of thigh

  • sartorius
  • pectineus
  • iliopsoas

Extensor of leg
- quadriceps femoris (don’t get confused with quadratus femoris in the bum)

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11
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartorius

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12
Q

What nerve innervates anterior thigh?

A 
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Apart from psoas major (L1,L2,L3)
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13
Q

What muscles are contained within the medial compartment of the thigh?

What nerve innervates them?

A

Adductors of thigh

  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor magnus (largest)
  • Gracilis (longest - inserts on medial tibia)
  • Obturator externus

All obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
- apart from hamstring part of adductor magnus

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14
Q

Where are extensors of thigh and flexors of leg found?

Name the muscles found in this region?

What innervates this region?

A

Posterior compartment of thigh

  • semimembranosus
  • semitendinosus
  • biceps femoris

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
- apart from short head biceps femoris

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15
Q

What can the short head biceps femoris not do?

A

Extend the thigh

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16
Q

What nerve innervates anterior compartment of leg?

What are the muscles found in the anterior leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4,L5)

Tibularis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Femoralis tertius

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17
Q

What muscle in the posterior compartment of leg can be harvested and is not present in everyone?

A

Plantaris

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18
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of leg?
Name the muscles of the deep region
Name the muscles of the superficial region

A

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Deep

  • Tibularis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallicus longus

Superficial

  • Popliteal
  • Plantaris
  • Soleus
  • Gastrocnemius
19
Q

What part of the femur enters the hip joint?

A

Head of femur into acetabulum

20
Q

How does the hip joint get its blood supply?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries - branches of deep femoral artery

21
Q

Poor function of what muscle causes Trendelenburg’s Gait?

Describe Trendelenburg’s Gait

A

Gluteus medius

Causes dropping of hip on unaffected side when lifting unaffected leg

22
Q

Name the 4 superior muscles of the gluteal region

How are they innervated?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

Superior gluteal
- apart from gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal

23
Q 
What muscles are responsible for:
Lateral rotators of hips
Medial rotators of hips
Extensors of hips
Abductors of hips 
Hip stabilisers
A

Superficial muscle of gluteus

  • Medial rotation
  • Abductors
  • Extensors

Deep muscles of gluteus

  • Lateral rotation
  • Hip stabilisers
24
Q

Name the 4 deep muscles of the gluteal region

How are they innervated?

A

Piriformis
Gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

Sacral plexus

25
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A 
Superiorly - inguinal canal 
Laterally - sartorius
Medially - adductor longus 
Roof - fascia lata
Floor - iliopsoas and pectineus
26
Q

What is contained in the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery and vein

27
Q

What compartment of the leg is responsible for dorsiflexion of the ankle and extensors of the foot?

A

Anterior compartment

28
Q

Name the muscles of the lateral leg

What nerve innervates this region?

What are they responsible for?

A

Femoralis longus
Femoralis brevis

Superficial fibular nerve

Evert foot (lift pinky toes)

29
Q

What is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body?

What two muscles does the tendon come from?

This tendon is used in ankle jerk reflex - what is the normal response?
What level of vertebrae is this testing?

A

Calcaneal tendon (Achille’s tendon)

Gastrocnemius and soleus

Plantarflexion
S1,S2 (tibial nerve)

30
Q

What is the name of the tendon/ligament that attaches superiorly and inferiorly from the patellar?

A

Superior - quadriceps tendon

Inferior - patellar ligament

31
Q

What cruciate ligament runs more lateral side of femur to medial tibia?

A

ACL

PCL is opposite

32
Q

What is the name for the semilunar shaped fibrocartilage discs found attached to the tibial condyles?

A

Menisci

33
Q

What are the name of the ligaments found most medially and laterally on the knee joint?

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

34
Q

What are the 3 articulations of the knee?

A

2 x femerotibular

1x femeropatellar

35
Q

What kind of joint is the hip joint?

What part acts as the ball?
What part acts as the socket?

A

Ball n socket synovial joint

Ball = head of femur
Socket = acetabulum
36
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

Fibro-cartilage lip which extends the socket - allows for a tighter fit

37
Q

What are the 3 ligaments found in the hip joint?

A

Anteriorly

  • Iliofemoral
  • Pubofemoral

Posteriorly
- Ischiofemoral

38
Q

What artery does the ligamentum teres cover?
(the ligamentum teres is an internal ligament that runs from the acetabulum to the head of femur)

What is this artery a branch of?

A

Artery to head of femur - unimportant in adults

Obturator artery

39
Q

What provides the main blood supply to the hip joint?

What artery provides the hip joint with a small portion of supply? (it runs within the ligamentum teres)

A

Retinacular branches of the Lateral and cirumflex branches from the deep femoral artery

Obturator artery

40
Q

The thickest hyaline cartilage of the body is found on the articular surface of which bone?

A

Patella

41
Q

What are the 3 main bones of the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Pubis
Ischium

42
Q

What part of the pubis bone forms the pubic symphysis (joint where right and left hip bones articulate with each other)?

What are the other two parts of the pubis bone and what part of the hip bone do they help to form?

A

Pubic body

Superior and inferior pubic rami
- form part of obturator foramen

43
Q

From what part of the foot does the great and small saphenous vein orginiate?

A

Dorsal venous arch

MSK (41 decks)

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