anatomy mid term Flashcards
directs stimuli response, coordinates activities in other systems
nervous
protects against environmental hazards , produces hair
Integumentary
allows movement, produces heat
muscular
produces cells and hormones
reproductive
gas exchanges with the outside environment
respiratory
heart and veins, transports nutrients wastes and gases
cardiovascular
-reduces the change
-Stabilizes: Helps maintain homeostasis
-happens all the time
-Returns to normal
-Temperature change
negative feedback
-Enhances/increases the change
-pushes the system away from starting state
-speed up/amplify/more
-Childbirth
-Blood clotting
positive feedback
what is the difference between anatomy and physiology
Anatomy:
-the study of the structure of the body and its parts
-The “what” and “where” things are
physiology:
-The study of the function of the body and its parts
-the “why” and “how” things work
acromial
shoulder
axiallary
armpit
brachial
arm
buccal
cheek
calcaneal
heel
carpal
wrist
cranial
skull
femoral
thigh
gluteal
butt
oral
mouth
otic
eye
popliteal
back of the knee
umbilical
umbilicus or naval
epithelial tissue functions
-physical protections
-permeability control
-sensation trigger
-specialized glandular secretions
epithelial tissue characteristics
-cells closely packed
-apical cells exposed to external or internal surface
-cells attached to basement membrane
-avascualr
-cells continually replaced
connective tissue functions
-structural framework
-fluid and solute transportation
-physical protection
-tissue interconnections
-fat storage
-microorgansim defense
connective tissue characteristics
-specialized cells
-extra cellular matrix
muscle tissue function
Contractions for movement of body or substances
muscle tissue characteristics
Capable of contraction
Actin filaments
Myosin filaments
nervous tissue function
Conduct electrical impulses
Transfer, process, and store information
nervous tissue characteristics
neuron characteristics
what type of fibers found in connective tissue give it its strength
collagen fibers
-thick and strong
-found in tendons, ligaments, and skin
which cartilage is between bones at joints
Larynx, trachea, bronchi
Nasal septum
hyaline
bone tissue function
Support
Leverage for movement
bone tissue structure
Osteocytes
Collagen fibers
Calcium salts
bone tissue location
skeleton
fibrocartilage function
resists compression and prevents bone to bone contact
fibrocartilage location
between vertebrae
between pubic bones
knee padding
dense connective tissue function
firm attachment for muscles and bone
dense connective tissue structure/appearance
collagen fibers
fibroblast nuclei
tendons
dense connective tissue location
between skeletal muscle and bone
covers skeletal muscle and some organs
adipose function
Padding
Cushions shocks
insulation
Energy storage
adipose strucutre/appearence
adipocytes
adipose location
Beneath skin
surrounding organs
buttocks and breasts
blood function
transport nutrients, wastes, hormones around the body
blood stucture/appearence
RBCs
WBCs
platelets
plasma
blood location
in blood vessels and heart
skeletal muscle function
movement, posture
support, storage
heat production
skeletal muscle structure/appearance
striated
multiple nuclei
voluntary
cardiac muscle function
pumps blood
maintains heart beat
ensures oxygen delivery
cardiac muscle appearence/strucutre
striated
one nucleus
involuntary
stratified squamous function
protections against abrasions, pathogens and chemicals
stratified squamous structure/appearance
stem cells
basement membrane
stratifed squamous location
tongue, skin, inside of mouth
simple squamous function
covering of organs and cavities, reduces friction
secretion and absorption (help of cilia)
simple squamous structure/appearance
-connective tissue, cytoplasm, nucleus, basement membrane
-boxy shaped cells
simple squamous location
alveoli lining
blood vessel lining
body cavity lining
what are the main functions of the skeletal system
support against gravity
storage
blood cell production
protection of soft internal organs
leverage for muscle action
how are compact bone and spongy bone different ?
spongy bone:
trabeculae
spaces for marrow
in epiphysis
compact bone:
osteons
dense matrix
the outer layer of all bones
What are the key features of the osteon unit of compact bone?
rings of matrix
what is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
osteoblasts:
builds new bone during remodeling
osteoclasts: break down done during remodeling
long bone example
humerus
short bone example
carpel bones
flat bones example
pariteal bones
irregular bones example
vertebrae
what is the function of epiphyseal plate? How can it help you to tell if a person is an adult or child?
epiphyseal plate is growth plates. adults growth plates are fused and children’s are not which allows them to tell the difference between an adult and child
depression or projection: fossa
depression
depression or projection: trochanter
projection
depression or projection: foramen
depression
depression or projection: epicondyle
projection
depression or projection: line
projection
endocondrial ossification
cartilage replaced by bone; long bones
intramembranous ossification
produces spongy bone, then compact bone
flat bones
skull, sternum, thoracic cage, sacrum, vertebral column, ribs
axial skeleton
shoulder/pectoral girdle
upper limbs
lower limbs
pelvic girdle
clavicle
scapula
appendicular skeleton
difference between floating ribs and true ribs
true ribs:
directly attached to sternum
first 7 pairs of ribs
floating ribs:
not attached to the sternum
the last 2 pairs of ribs
glenoid cavity and acromion
scapula
bone that articulates with the ribs anteriorly
sternum
bones that have costal facets for the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
bone you sit on
coxal, ischium
bone that have olcreanon and styloid process
ulna
bone that has the greater and lesser trochanter
femur
which type of joint is immoveable
ex. head, ribs, coxal bone/sacrum
syntharoses
which type of joint is slightly moveable
ex. vertebrae
amphiarthroses
which type of joint is freely moveable
ex. shoulder, knee
diarthroses
thick filaments
myosin
thin filaments
actin
in one sentence describe how muscles contract
when actin and myosin slide past each other power by ATP in response to signal from the nervous system.
why can’t actin and myosin connect all the time? what blocks it? how it is moved to allow contraction
tropomyosin and troponin block the active sites now allowing the actin and myosin filaments to connect. The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium moving the tropomysonin and troponin to move.
function of acetylcholine (Ach)
gets the signal to contract across the synaptic cleft
function of t-tubules
allows the action potential to get into the muscle cell
do nerve cells and muscle cells actually touch? what is their connection called?
no, the connection between the two is called neuromuscular junction.
the gap between the two is called the synaptic cleft.
what is a motor unit
consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
how is a muscle twitch different from a tetanic contraction
Muscle twitch—A brief contraction-relaxation response to a single action potential
Complete tetanus—Tension is steady (no relaxation phase) and largest if stimuli arrive at very high rates. Maximum tension
what is the function of creatine phosphate (CP) in muscle contractions
provides longer-term energy storage in muscle cells.
what is the recovery period? what happens during that time?
The recovery period is the time after a muscle contraction when the muscle returns to its normal resting state.
The recovery period ensures the muscle is ready for the next contraction and helps prevent fatigue.
what is the difference between isometric contraction and what are examples of each?
Isotonic:
tension stays same, muscle length changes
doing a pushup
Isometric
tension varies, muscle length stays constant
holding a plank
