Anatomy and Embryology III Flashcards

1
Q

What do the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans secrete?

A

Glucagon (p.287)

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2
Q

What do the beta cells of the islets of langerhans secrete?

A

Insulin (p.287)

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3
Q

What do the delta cells of the islets of langerhans secrete?

A

Somatostain (p.287)

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4
Q

Describe the arrangement of alpha, beta, and delta cells of the islets of langerhans.

A

Alpha cells are periphera, beta cells are central, and delta cells are interspersed (p.287)

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5
Q

Describe the process of insulin secretion.

A

ATP generate by glucose metabolism closes K+ channels and depolarizes beta cell membranes. This opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ influx stimulates insulin secretion (p.288)

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6
Q

Does insulin cross the placenta?

A

No (p.288)

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7
Q

What tissues rely on insulin-independent glucose uptake?

A

Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver (BRICK L) (p.288)

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8
Q

Where are GLUT-1 transporters located?

A

RBCs, brain (p.288)

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9
Q

Where are GLUT-2 transporters located?

A

Beta islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine (p.288)

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10
Q

Where are GLUT-4 transporters located?

A

Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle (p.288)

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11
Q

Which GLUT transporter is insulin independent?

A

GLUT-1 (p.288)

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12
Q

Which GLUT transporter is insulin dependent?

A

GLUT-4 (p.288)

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13
Q

Which GLUT transporter is bidirectional?

A

GLUT-2 (p.288)

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14
Q

What are the seven anabolic effects of insulin?

A

1.) increase glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose; 2.) increase glycogen synthesis and storage; 3.) increase triglyceride synthesis and storage; 4.) increase sodium retention (kidneys); 5.) increase protein synthesis (muscles); 6.) increase cellular uptake of K+ and amino acids; 7.) decrease glucagon release (p.288)

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15
Q

What three factors increase insulin secretion?

A

Hyperglycemia, GH, and B2 antagonists (p.288)

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16
Q

What three factors decrease insulin secretion?

A

Hypoglycemia, somatostatin, and a2 agonists

17
Q

What two tissues depend on insulin for increased glucose uptake?

A

Adipose tissue, resting skeletal muscle (p.288)

18
Q

What two tissues are independent of insulin for glucose uptake?

A

Brain, RBCs (p.288)

19
Q

What energy form does the brain use in states of starvation?

A

Ketones (p.288)

20
Q

Why are RBCs always dependent on glucose for energy?

A

Because they have no mitochondria for aerobic metabolism (p.288)

21
Q

What are the two catabolic effects of glucagon?

A

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketone production (p.289)

22
Q

What three factors inhibit glucagon release?

A

Insulin, hyperglycemia, somatostatin (p.289)