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Human Anatomy > Anatomy 7.1 > Flashcards

Anatomy 7.1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the CNS learn how to control movement of the body more efficiently?

A

With practice

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2
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord (1-2 cranial nerves)

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3
Q

PNS

A

All other nerves

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4
Q

What sensory receptor is part of the deep tendon reflex?

A

Muscle spindle

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5
Q

How do we assess cutaneous sensation in clinical examination?

A

Cotton ball test

Sharp end test

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6
Q

Afferent types

A

Sight and sound

Vestibular (where head is in space)

Muscle spindle and GTO

Nociception

Temp

Skin mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

What are the type of skin mechanoreceptors?

A

Merkel discs

Ruffini corpuscles

Meissner corpuscles

Lamellar corpuscles

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8
Q

Efferent types

A

Muscular force

Muscular endurance

Muscular timing

Accuracy of motion

Coordination

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9
Q

Myotome

A

Muscle tissue innervated by a single spinal nerve

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10
Q

Dermatome

A

Skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

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11
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Larger portion due to more nerves running through due to UE

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12
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement

A

Larger portion due to more nerves running through due to LE

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13
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement?

A

C5-T1

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14
Q

Where is the lumbosacral enlargement?

A

L2-S3

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15
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

End of the spinal cord

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16
Q

Where is the conus medullaris?

A

L1-L2

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17
Q

What branches out of the conus medullaris?

A

Cauda equina (lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves)

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18
Q

How do spinal nerves come out of the skull?

A

Through the foramen magnum

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19
Q

How do spinal nerves exit in the cervical region?

A

Above the vertebrae

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20
Q

How do the spinal nerves exit from thoracic and down?

A

Below the vertebrae

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21
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the cervical region?

A

8

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22
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the thoracic region?

A

12

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23
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the lumbar region?

A

5

24
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the sacral region?

A

5

25
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the coccyx region?

A

1

26
Q

Where is white matter the greatest?

A

Cervical (decreases as you move down)

27
Q

Where is gray matter the greatest?

A

Sacral (decreases as you move up)

28
Q

White matter

A

Axons

29
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies

30
Q

Why is white matter greatest at the cervical region?

A

Because more nerves are innervating it and less nerves innervate as you move down

31
Q

Why is gray matter greatest in the sacral?

A

More muscle control in LE

32
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin produced in CNS

33
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelin produced in PNS

34
Q

Where are the thickest portion of the lateral horns present?

A

Middle of the body

35
Q

What muscles does the dorsal rami control?

A

Back and neck muscles

36
Q

What muscles does the ventral rami control?

A

UE and LE

37
Q

What does the dorsal horn control?

A

Sensory

38
Q

What does the ventral horn control?

A

Motor

39
Q

What does the lateral horn control?

A

Visceral autonomic (motor of organs)

40
Q

What is the most superficial covering of the spinal cord?

A

Dura mater

41
Q

What is the middle covering of the spinal cord?

A

Arachnoid mater

42
Q

What is the deepest covering of the spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

43
Q

Is the cauda equina a component of the PNS or CNS?

A

CNS

44
Q

What does lose somatic afferent neurons equal?

A

Hypoactive

45
Q

What does lose descending inhibition with brain or spinal cord injury equal?

A

Hyperactive

46
Q

Where do the axons of somatic efferent neurons pass through and where do their cell bodies reside within?

A

Ventral root

Gray matter of spinal cord

47
Q

Where is the cell body of the lower motor neuron located?

A

Ventral horn

48
Q

What sensory receptor is involved in the deep tendon reflex?

A

Muscle spindle

49
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

Running from the cell body in the primary motor cortex in the brain to where it synapses in the ventral root in the spinal cord

50
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Runs from the cell body in the ventral root of the spinal cord to the muscle tissue

51
Q

What does a neurological examination help you do?

A

Localize a lesion in the nervous system

52
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion

A

Lesion that occurs before the upper motor neuron synapses with the cell body of the lower motor neuron in the central horn

53
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion

A

Lesion that occurs anywhere from the cell body in the anterior horn to the synapse of the muscle tissue

54
Q

What does upper motor neuron lesion cause?

A

Hyperreflexia

Hypertonicity

Spastic paresis

Positive ankle clonus

Positive babinski sign

55
Q

What does lower motor neuron lesion cause?

A

Hyporeflexia

Hypotonicity

Flaccid paresis

Negative ankle clonus

Negative babinski sign

56
Q

What does the lumbosacral trunk encompass?

A

Nerves L4-L5

Human Anatomy (26 decks)

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