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Human Anatomy > Anatomy 2.1 Skeletal > Flashcards

Anatomy 2.1 Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the skeletal system?

A

Axial and appendicular

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2
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Consists of bones of the head, neck, and trunk

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3
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral and pelvic girdles

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4
Q

Bone

A

Living tissue that is highly specialized (hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton)

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5
Q

What does the bones provide?

A

Support to the body

Protection of vital structures

Mechanical basis of movement

Storage for salts

Continuous supply of new RBC

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6
Q

Perichondrium

A

Around cartilage

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7
Q

Compact bone

A

80% of lamellar bone (high density used for weight bearing activity)

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8
Q

Spongy bone

A

Less dense bone

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9
Q

Long bone

A

Are tubular

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10
Q

Short bones

A

Are cuboidal and found only in the tarsus and carpus

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11
Q

Flat bones

A

Serve protective functions

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12
Q

Irregular bones

A

Various shapes other than long, short, or flat

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13
Q

What do sesamoid bones do for the tendons?

A

They protect them from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

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14
Q

Where do bone markings appear?

A

Wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones

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15
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of bone

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16
Q

Epicondyle

A

Eminence superior or adjacent to a Condyle

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17
Q

Foramen

A

Passage through a bone

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18
Q

Line (linea)

A

Linear elevation (sometimes called a ridge)

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19
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded process

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20
Q

Process

A

Extension or projection serving a particular purpose, having characteristic shape, or extending in a particular direction

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21
Q

Protuberance

A

Bulge or projection of bone

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22
Q

Spine

A

Thorn like process

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23
Q

Trochanter

A

Large blunt elevation

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24
Q

Intramembranous ossification (membranous bone formation)

A

Mesenchymal models of bones form during the embryonic period, and direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period

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25
Q

Endochondral ossification (cartilaginous bone formation)

A

Cartilage models of the bones form from mesenchyme during the fetal period, and bone replaces most of cartilage

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26
Q

Primary ossification center

A

The bone tissue it forms replaces most of the cartilage in the main body of the bone model

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27
Q

Secondary ossification center

A

Appear in other parts of the developing bone after birth

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28
Q

Epiphyses

A

Parts of the bone ossified by the secondary ossification center

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29
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared part of the diaphysis nearest the epiphysis

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30
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

The seam formed during the fusion process of the plates and is particular dense

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31
Q

Synostosis

A

Fusion process of epiphyseal plates

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32
Q

Nutrient arteries

A

One or more per bone and they pass obliquely through the compact bone of the shaft of a long bone through a nutrient foramina (supplies blood to bone marrow, spongy home, and deeper portions of compact bone)

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33
Q

Veins

A

Accompany arteries through the nutrient foramina

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34
Q

Joints

A

Unions or junctions between two or more bones of the skeleton

35
Q

What type of joints are there?.

A

No movement (epiphyseal plates)

Slight movement (teeth)

Freely movable (shoulder joint)

36
Q

Fibrous joints

A

United by fibrous tissue (amount of movement occurring at fibrous joints depends on the length of the fibers uniting the articulating bones)

37
Q

What are types of fibrous joints?

A

Suture

Syndesmosis

38
Q

Suture

A

Bones held close together (interlocking along a wavy line or overlapping)

39
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Unities the bone with a sheet of fibrous tissue (partially moveable)

40
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartliage

41
Q

Synchondrosis (primary cartilaginous)

A

Permits slight bending during early life (temporary unions) (united by hyaline cartilage)

42
Q

Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous)

A

Strong, slightly movable joints united by fibrocartilage (intervertebral disks)

43
Q

What is the most common type of joint?

A

Synovial joint

44
Q

What do synovial joints provide?

A

Free movement between the bones they join (locomotion)

45
Q

Plane/gliding joints

A

Permit gliding and sliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces (numerous and always small)

46
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

Plane/gliding

Hinge

Saddle

Condyloid

Ball and socket

Pivot

47
Q

Hinge joint

A

Permit flexion and extension only

48
Q

What is the joint capsule of hinge joints?

A

Thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly where movement occurs

49
Q

What type of movements are hinge joints for?

A

Movements that occur in one plane (Saggital)

50
Q

Saddle joints

A

Permit abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension

51
Q

What movements occur around a saddle joint?

A

Around two axes at right angles to eachother (allow movement in Saggital and frontal plane)

52
Q

What joint is a hinge joint known as?

A

Uniaxial joint

53
Q

What joint is a saddle joint known as?

A

Biaxial joint

54
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Permit flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction (biaxial)

55
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Allows movement in multiple axes and planes

56
Q

What type of movement does the ball and socket joint allow?

A

Flexion and extension

Abduction and adduction

Medial and lateral rotation

Circumduction (multiaxial)

57
Q

Pivot joint

A

Permit rotation around a central axis (uniaxial)

58
Q

Accessory (supernumerary) bones

A

Develop when additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones

59
Q

Heterotopic bones

A

When bones form in soft tissues where they are not normally present

60
Q

What happens to unused bones (paralyzed)?

A

Atrophy (decrease in size)

61
Q

When would bones be absorbed?

A

Occurs in the mandible when teeth are extracted

62
Q

What happens to bones that support increased weight for a long period?

A

Hypertrophy (enlarge)

63
Q

What happens during bone healing?

A

Surrounding fibroblasts secret collagen which forms a collar of callus to hold bones together

64
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Reduction in quantity of bone

65
Q

Fractures involving the epiphyses may cause what?

A

Stunting of growth

66
Q

When does proliferation of cartilage at the metaphyses slow down?

A

During starvation and illness

67
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

Death of bone tissue due to loss of arterial supply to the epiphysis

68
Q

What could a displaced epiphyseal plate be mistaken for?

A

Fracture

69
Q

What could a separation of an epiphysis be interpreted as?

A

Displaced piece of fractured bone

70
Q

Degenerative joint disease

A

Breakdown of joints due to heavy use over the years (osteoarthritis)

71
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Procedure to allow surgeons to examine joints for abnormalities (torn meniscus)

72
Q

What are the cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis (primary cartilaginous)

Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous)

73
Q

Ligaments

A

Provide restraint in specific directions

74
Q

What are types of ligaments?

A

Intrinsic (capsular)

Extrinsic (non capsular)

75
Q

Concave on convex

A

If moving joint surface is convex sliding is in the opposite direction of bone

76
Q

Convex on concave

A

If moving joint surface is concave sliding is in the same direction as the movement of bone

77
Q

What connective tissue is the skeletal system made of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

Cartilage, bone, and adipose

78
Q

Where in the skeletal system do we find hyaline cartilage?

A

Over articular surface of bones within synovial joints

Ends of long bones

79
Q

What kind of tissue is the capsule?

A

Dense connective tissue

80
Q

What are the two different types of bone tissue?

A

Woven and Lamellar

81
Q

Lamellar

A

Remodeled from woven bone and is present in normal regions of adult bone

82
Q

What are two types of lamellar bone?

A

Compact and cancellous (spongy)

83
Q

Where do joints form?

A

Where bones are joined

Human Anatomy (26 decks)

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