Anatomy 2.2 Flashcards
What does the skin provide?
Protection (from environmental effects)
Containment (of body structures and substances)
Thermal regulation
Synthesis and storage of vitamin D
Epidermis
Tough, horny superficial layer that provides a protective outer layer
Dermis
Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers (skin tone and toughness of skin)
Subcutaneous tissue
Composed mostly of loose connective tissue and stored fat
What does the subcutaneous tissue contain?
Swear glands
Superficial blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Cutaneous nerves
Fascias
Constitute the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the deep structures
Deep fascia
Dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body parallel to the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Where are group of muscles with similar functions that share the same nerve supply located at?
Fascial compartments
What are fascial compartments separated by?
Thick sheets of thin fascia called intermuscular septa
What do the fascial compartments do?
Contain or direct the spread of an infection or tumor
Retinaculum
Holds tendons in place where they cross the joint during flexion and extension (preventing them from bow stringing across the angle)
Bursae
Closed sacs or envelopes of serous membrane
What does the bursae do?
Delicate connective tissue capable of secreting fluid to lubricate a smooth internal surface
Subcutaneous bursae
Occur in the subcutaneous tissue between the skin and bony prominences (elbow or knee)
Subfascial bursae
Beneath deep fascia
Subtendinous bursae
Facilitates the movement of tendons over bone
Synovial tendon sheaths
Wrap around tendons, usually enclosing them as they traverse osseofibrous tunnels that anchor tendons in place
Bursal sac
Thin film of lubricating fluid between the parietal and visceral layers
Pulmonary circulation
Blood comes into the right atrium from the body and then to the right ventricle
Then it goes to the lungs becomes oxygenated and travels back into the left atrium then left ventricle
Systemic circulation
Process of low oxygen blood being returned from the left ventricle to the right atrium
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Arteries
Carry blood from the heart to the body
Veins
Carry blood from the body to the heart
Capillaries
Allow the exchange of materials with the interstitial or extracellular fluid
Musculovenous pump
Returns blood to the heart by overcoming gravity
Lymphatic plexuses
Network of lymphatic capillaries that originate in the extracellular spaces
Why can plasma proteins, bacteria, cellular debris, and even whole cells enter lymphatic capillaries?
Because they are formed of endothelium lacking a basement membrane
Lymphatic vessels
Thin walled vessels with abundant lymphatic valves that comprise a nearly body wide network
What is the goal of lymphatic vessels?
To drain lymph from the lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic trunks
Large collecting vessels that receive lymph from multiple lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Tissue fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries and is drained by lymphatic vessels
What is lymph similar to?
Blood plasma
Lymph nodes
Small masses of lymphatic tissue
What do lymph nodes do?
Filter lymph on its way to the venous system
Lymphocytes
Circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign material
Lymphoid organs
Parts of the body that produce lymphocytes (thymus, red bone marrow, spleen, tonsils)
What happens to the skin when blood is not carrying enough oxygen from the lungs?
Skin can appear bluish (cyanotic)
Where is cyanosis most evident?
Where the skin is thin (lips, eyelids, and deep transparent nails)
What does skin injury, exposure to excess heat, infection, inflammation or allergic reactions cause?
Superficial capillary beds to become engorged making the skin look red (erythema)
Jaundice
Due to liver disorders there is excess build up of bilirubin which gives a yellow appearance to whites of eyes and skin
What happens when there is an incision or laceration that parallel the tension lines?
They heal well because they do not disrupt collagen fibers
What happens when there is laceration or incision across tension lines?
More collagen fibers are disrupted and it causes healing to occur with excess scarring
Superficial lacerations
Penetrate the epidermis and maybe the superficial layer of the dermis (bleed but do not interrupt the dermis)
Deep lacerations
Penetrate the deep layer of the dermis, extending into subcutaneous tissue or beyond
What do deep lacerations require?
Suturing or stitches to minimize scarring
Superficial burn (sunburn)
Only damage to epidermis (replaced from basal layer of epidermis without scarring)
Partial thickness burn
Epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering, as well as nerve endings are damaged
How does a partial thickness burn heal?
Sweat glands and hair follicles are not damaged and provide a source of replacement cells (healing takes 3 weeks to months leaving scarring)
Full thickness burn
Entire thickness of the skin is damaged and often the subcutaneous tissue (burn is numb due to destruction of sensory endings)
What does a full thickness burn require for healing?
Skin grafting
Fourth degree burn
Damage extends through the entire thickness of the skin into underlying fascia, muscle, or bone (life threatening)
When are burns classified as severe?
If they cover 20% or more of total body surface area
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
What causes atherosclerosis?
Buildup of fat (mainly cholesterol) which clogs the arteries)
Ischemia
Reduction of blood supply to an organ
Infarction
Necrosis of an area resulting from limited blood supply
Varicose veins
When the walls of veins lose their elasticity and become weak it causes the vein to dilate under the pressure of supporting a column of blood against gravity
Contiguous spread
Direct growth of cancer into adjacent tissue
Metastasis
Migration of cancer cells throughout the body
What are the three ways metastasis occurs?
Direct seeding of serous membranes of body cavities
Lymphogenous spread (lymphatic vessels)
Hematogenous spread (blood vessels)
What is the most common type of cancer spread through lymphogenous spread?
Carcinomas
What is the most common type of cancer spread through hematogenous spread?
Sarcomas (connective tissue cancers)
Lymphangitis and lymphandenitis
Secondary inflammations of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes (may occur after severe injury or infection)
Lymphedema
Occurs when lymph nodes do not drain from an area of the body
What type of muscles are arteries and veins?
Smooth muscle
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes
What is the order of the skin from superficial to deep?
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Deep fascia
Skeletal muscle
What can scarring cause?
Decrease ability for muscles to move
What is the upper part of the urinary system?
Kidneys and ureters
What is the bottom part of the urinary system?
Bladder and urethra
What is the upper tract of the digestive system?
Mouth to small intestine
What is the lower tract of digestive system?
Large intestine to anus
What is the job of the upper GI tract?
Digestion of food
What does the liver secrete?
Bile (aids in digestion)
What system is the gall bladder apart of?
Digestive