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Human Anatomy > Anatomy 2.2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skin provide?

A

Protection (from environmental effects)

Containment (of body structures and substances)

Thermal regulation

Synthesis and storage of vitamin D

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2
Q

Epidermis

A

Tough, horny superficial layer that provides a protective outer layer

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3
Q

Dermis

A

Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers (skin tone and toughness of skin)

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4
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Composed mostly of loose connective tissue and stored fat

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5
Q

What does the subcutaneous tissue contain?

A

Swear glands

Superficial blood vessels

Lymphatic vessels

Cutaneous nerves

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6
Q

Fascias

A

Constitute the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the deep structures

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7
Q

Deep fascia

A

Dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body parallel to the skin and subcutaneous tissue

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8
Q

Where are group of muscles with similar functions that share the same nerve supply located at?

A

Fascial compartments

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9
Q

What are fascial compartments separated by?

A

Thick sheets of thin fascia called intermuscular septa

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10
Q

What do the fascial compartments do?

A

Contain or direct the spread of an infection or tumor

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11
Q

Retinaculum

A

Holds tendons in place where they cross the joint during flexion and extension (preventing them from bow stringing across the angle)

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12
Q

Bursae

A

Closed sacs or envelopes of serous membrane

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13
Q

What does the bursae do?

A

Delicate connective tissue capable of secreting fluid to lubricate a smooth internal surface

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14
Q

Subcutaneous bursae

A

Occur in the subcutaneous tissue between the skin and bony prominences (elbow or knee)

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15
Q

Subfascial bursae

A

Beneath deep fascia

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16
Q

Subtendinous bursae

A

Facilitates the movement of tendons over bone

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17
Q

Synovial tendon sheaths

A

Wrap around tendons, usually enclosing them as they traverse osseofibrous tunnels that anchor tendons in place

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18
Q

Bursal sac

A

Thin film of lubricating fluid between the parietal and visceral layers

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19
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood comes into the right atrium from the body and then to the right ventricle

Then it goes to the lungs becomes oxygenated and travels back into the left atrium then left ventricle

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20
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Process of low oxygen blood being returned from the left ventricle to the right atrium

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21
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

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22
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood from the heart to the body

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23
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood from the body to the heart

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24
Q

Capillaries

A

Allow the exchange of materials with the interstitial or extracellular fluid

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25
Q

Musculovenous pump

A

Returns blood to the heart by overcoming gravity

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26
Q

Lymphatic plexuses

A

Network of lymphatic capillaries that originate in the extracellular spaces

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27
Q

Why can plasma proteins, bacteria, cellular debris, and even whole cells enter lymphatic capillaries?

A

Because they are formed of endothelium lacking a basement membrane

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28
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Thin walled vessels with abundant lymphatic valves that comprise a nearly body wide network

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29
Q

What is the goal of lymphatic vessels?

A

To drain lymph from the lymphatic capillaries

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30
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Large collecting vessels that receive lymph from multiple lymphatic vessels

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31
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries and is drained by lymphatic vessels

32
Q

What is lymph similar to?

A

Blood plasma

33
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue

34
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Filter lymph on its way to the venous system

35
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign material

36
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

Parts of the body that produce lymphocytes (thymus, red bone marrow, spleen, tonsils)

37
Q

What happens to the skin when blood is not carrying enough oxygen from the lungs?

A

Skin can appear bluish (cyanotic)

38
Q

Where is cyanosis most evident?

A

Where the skin is thin (lips, eyelids, and deep transparent nails)

39
Q

What does skin injury, exposure to excess heat, infection, inflammation or allergic reactions cause?

A

Superficial capillary beds to become engorged making the skin look red (erythema)

40
Q

Jaundice

A

Due to liver disorders there is excess build up of bilirubin which gives a yellow appearance to whites of eyes and skin

41
Q

What happens when there is an incision or laceration that parallel the tension lines?

A

They heal well because they do not disrupt collagen fibers

42
Q

What happens when there is laceration or incision across tension lines?

A

More collagen fibers are disrupted and it causes healing to occur with excess scarring

43
Q

Superficial lacerations

A

Penetrate the epidermis and maybe the superficial layer of the dermis (bleed but do not interrupt the dermis)

44
Q

Deep lacerations

A

Penetrate the deep layer of the dermis, extending into subcutaneous tissue or beyond

45
Q

What do deep lacerations require?

A

Suturing or stitches to minimize scarring

46
Q

Superficial burn (sunburn)

A

Only damage to epidermis (replaced from basal layer of epidermis without scarring)

47
Q

Partial thickness burn

A

Epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering, as well as nerve endings are damaged

48
Q

How does a partial thickness burn heal?

A

Sweat glands and hair follicles are not damaged and provide a source of replacement cells (healing takes 3 weeks to months leaving scarring)

49
Q

Full thickness burn

A

Entire thickness of the skin is damaged and often the subcutaneous tissue (burn is numb due to destruction of sensory endings)

50
Q

What does a full thickness burn require for healing?

A

Skin grafting

51
Q

Fourth degree burn

A

Damage extends through the entire thickness of the skin into underlying fascia, muscle, or bone (life threatening)

52
Q

When are burns classified as severe?

A

If they cover 20% or more of total body surface area

53
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries

54
Q

What causes atherosclerosis?

A

Buildup of fat (mainly cholesterol) which clogs the arteries)

55
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduction of blood supply to an organ

56
Q

Infarction

A

Necrosis of an area resulting from limited blood supply

57
Q

Varicose veins

A

When the walls of veins lose their elasticity and become weak it causes the vein to dilate under the pressure of supporting a column of blood against gravity

58
Q

Contiguous spread

A

Direct growth of cancer into adjacent tissue

59
Q

Metastasis

A

Migration of cancer cells throughout the body

60
Q

What are the three ways metastasis occurs?

A

Direct seeding of serous membranes of body cavities

Lymphogenous spread (lymphatic vessels)

Hematogenous spread (blood vessels)

61
Q

What is the most common type of cancer spread through lymphogenous spread?

A

Carcinomas

62
Q

What is the most common type of cancer spread through hematogenous spread?

A

Sarcomas (connective tissue cancers)

63
Q

Lymphangitis and lymphandenitis

A

Secondary inflammations of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes (may occur after severe injury or infection)

64
Q

Lymphedema

A

Occurs when lymph nodes do not drain from an area of the body

65
Q

What type of muscles are arteries and veins?

A

Smooth muscle

66
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes

67
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes

68
Q

What is the order of the skin from superficial to deep?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous tissue

Deep fascia

Skeletal muscle

69
Q

What can scarring cause?

A

Decrease ability for muscles to move

70
Q

What is the upper part of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys and ureters

71
Q

What is the bottom part of the urinary system?

A

Bladder and urethra

72
Q

What is the upper tract of the digestive system?

A

Mouth to small intestine

73
Q

What is the lower tract of digestive system?

A

Large intestine to anus

74
Q

What is the job of the upper GI tract?

A

Digestion of food

75
Q

What does the liver secrete?

A

Bile (aids in digestion)

76
Q

What system is the gall bladder apart of?

A

Digestive

Human Anatomy (26 decks)

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