Anatomy 4.1 Flashcards
Excessive anteversion
In toeing (exceeding 15°)
Retroversion
Out toeing
What holds the head of the femur in the acetabulum?
Acetabular labrum
Ligament of head of femur
Transverse acetabular ligament
Zona orbicularis
What does the pubifemoral ligament do?
Resists abduction, external rotation, and extension
What does the ischiofemoral ligament do?
Resist internal rotation and extension
What does the iliofemoral ligament do?
Resist extension, external rotation, and abduction
What is the role of the hip?
Weight bearing and primary functions are in closed chain
What type of joint is the hip?
Large diarthrodial synovial ball and socket joint
Diarthrodial
Two parts of bone meeting covered by hyaline cartilage
What is the longest and strongest bone in the human body?
Femur
Why does the shaft of the femur have a slight anterior convexity?
Allows for shock absorption
What is a problem with having a coxa valga hip joint?
Decreased stability (bigger angle)
What is the problem with having a coxa vara hip joint?
Increased chance of femoral bench fracture (most common in kids and elderly)
Femoral torsion
Describes the relative rotation between bone shaft and the neck
What does a larger center edge angle add?
Stability
What does retroversion result in?
Coxa valga
What does the larger center edge angle refer to?
Amount of the femoral head that is covered by the acetabulum
Hip flexion
Spin with slight posterior glide of the femoral head on the acetabulum
Hip extension
Spin with slight anterior glide of the femoral head on the acetabulum
Hip abduction
Inferior glide of femoral head on acetabulum
Hip adduction
Superior glide of femoral head on acetabulum
Hip internal rotation
Posterior glide of femoral head on acetabulum
Hip external rotation
Anterior glide of femoral head on acetabulum
What is the posterior surface of patella covered by?
Articular cartilage
What is the posterior surface of patella divided by?
Vertical ridge
How does the patella sit in full knee extension?
High on the anterior surface on the distal femur
How does the patella sit in full knee flexion?
Sinks more distally into the intercondylar notch
Patella Baja
Shortening of quad tendon (patella sits below mid part of joint line)
Patella Alta
Lengthening of quad tendon (patella sits above mid part of joint line)
Which is larger between the medial and lateral tibial condyles?
Medial tibial Condyle is 50% larger (cartilage is 3x thicker on medial)
What are characteristics of the menisci?
Increases stability by deepening tibial plateaus
Decreases friction by 20%
Increases contact area by 70%
Absorbs shock
Distributes pressure between femur and tibia in weight bearing
Balance Intra articular pressure of muscle action
Screw home mechanism
Locking mechanism of knee as it nears final extension (femur rotates internally and tibia rotates externally)
What happens in the open chain during knee extension?
Tibia glides anterior on femur (rotates externally)
What happens in the closed chain during knee extension?
Femur glides posterior on tibia (rotates internally)
What happens in the open chain during knee flexion?
Tibia glides posterior on femur (rotates internally)
What happens in closed chain during knee flexion?
Femur glides anterior on tibia (rotates externally)
What are the regions of the lower limb?
Gluteal region
Femoral region
Knee region
Posterior region of knee
Leg region
Talocrural region
Foot region
What does the gluteal region consist of?
Buttocks
Gluteal fold
Hip region
What does the femoral region consist of?
Femur
Where does the transition from the trunk to the free lower limb occur?
In the inguinal region (groin)
What does the knee region consist of?
Condyles of distal femur and proximal tibia
Head of fibula
Patella
What does the posterior region of the knee include?
Well defined, fat filled hollow, transmitting neurovascular structures called popliteal fossa
What does the leg region consist of?
Most of the tibia and fibula
What does the talocrural region consist of?
Medial and lateral prominences that flank the ankle joint
What does the foot region consist of?
Tarsus
Metatarsus
Phalanges
Pelvic girdle
Bony ring composed of the sacrum and right and left hip bones joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis
What forms the hip bone?
Fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Ilium
Forms largest part of hip bone and is superior to the acetabulum
What does the body of the ilium join?
Pubis and ischium to form acetabulum
What do the anterior superior and inferior iliac spines do?
Provide attachment for ligaments and tendons
What does the iliac crest do?
Serves as a protective bumper and is an important site for attachment of muscles and deep fascia
Ischium
Forms the postero inferior part of the hip bone
What does the Pubis form?
Forms the anteromedial part of hip bone contributing to the anterior part of the acetabulum
What does the pubis provide?
Proximal attachment for muscles of the medial thigh
Femur
Longest and heaviest bone in the body and it transmits body weight from the hip bone to the tibia when you are standing
Angle of inclination
How the head of the femur fits in the acetabulum
What type of joint is the Hip joint?
Ball and socket synovial
What does the hip joint articulate with?
Femoral head
What ligaments are in the hip joint?
Iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament
What movements occur in the hip joint?
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Medial and lateral rotation
Circumduction
How does the hip joint get blood supply?
Retinacular arteries
What is the anterior aspect of the hip joint innervated by?
Femoral nerve
What is the inferior aspect of the hip joint innervated by?
Obturator nerve
What is the posterior aspect of the hip joint innervated by?
Branches from the nerve to the quadratus femoris
What is the superior aspect of the hip joint innervated by?
Superior gluteal nerve
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