Anatomy 2.1 Nervous

Question 1

What is the structural aspect of the nervous system?

Answer 1

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the PNS (remainder of nervous system outside of the CNS)

Question 2

What is the functional aspect of the nervous system?

Answer 2

Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system

Question 3

Neurons

Answer 3

Structural and functional units of the nervous system specialized for rapid communication

Question 4

What is a neuron composed of?

Answer 4

Cell body with processes called dendrites and axons

Question 5

What do dendrites and axons do?

Answer 5

Carry impulses to and away from the cell body

Question 6

Neurolglia

Answer 6

Support the neurons

Question 7

What is the principal role of the CNS?

Answer 7

Integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing signals and carry out higher mental functions (thinking and learning)

Question 8

What do the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid do?

Answer 8

Surround and protect the CNS

Question 9

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 9

Nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 10

What do the nerve fibers and cell bodies of the PNS do?

Answer 10

Conduct impulses to or away from the CNS

Question 11

Nerve fiber

Answer 11

Consists of an axon, its neurolemma, and surrounding endometrial connective tissue

Question 12

What does a neurolemma of myelinated nerve fibers consist of?

Answer 12

Schwann cells that make up a series of

Question 13

What does a neurolemma of unmyelinated nerve fibers consist of?

Answer 13

Schwann cells that do not make up any series

Question 14

What does a nerve consist of?

Answer 14

Bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS

Connective tissue coverings that surround and bind the nerve fibers and fascicles together

Blood vessels that nourish the nerve fibers and their coverings

Question 15

What are the types of connective tissue coverings?

Answer 15

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Epineurium

Question 16

Endoneurium

Answer 16

Delicate connective tissue surrounding the neurilemma cells and axons

Question 17

Perineurium

Answer 17

Dense connective tissue that encloses a fascicle of nerve fibers

Question 18

What does the Perineurium provide?

Answer 18

Effective barrier against penetration of the nerve fibers by foreign substances

Question 19

Epineurium

Answer 19

Thick connective tissue sheath that surrounds and encloses a bundle of fascicles

Question 20

What does the Epineurium form?

Answer 20

Outermost covering of the nerve and includes fatty tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatics

Question 21

What does the anterior (ventral) nerve root consist of?

Answer 21

Motor (efferent) fibers

Question 22

What does the posterior (dorsal) nerve root consist of?

Answer 22

Sensory (afferent) fibers

Question 23

Somatic motor fibers

Answer 23

Transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles

Question 24

Visceral motor system

Answer 24

Information coming in from the organs

Question 25

Visceral motor fibers

Answer 25

Transmit impulses to smooth (involuntary) muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissues

Question 26

Special sensory fibers

Answer 26

For the special senses (smell, sight, hearing, balance, taste)

Question 27

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 27

Fight or flight

Question 28

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 28

Calms body down

Question 29

Nociception

Answer 29

Pain stimuli (processed output of brain)

Question 30

What type of touch does the somatosensory system have?

Answer 30

Discriminative touch (touch, pressure, flutter, vibration)

Question 31

What is the position proprioception in the somatosensory systems?

Answer 31

Static forces (muscle length and tension, joint pressure)

Question 32

What is the movement proprioception in somatosensory systems?

Answer 32

Dynamic forces (muscle length and tension, joint pressure and angle)

Question 33

Cutaneous receptors

Answer 33

Unencapsulated (crude touch, pain, temperature)

Question 34

Proprioceptive receptors

Answer 34

In muscles, tendons, joint ligaments, and joint capsules (muscle spindle and Golgi tendon)

Question 35

Muscle spindle (excitatory)

Answer 35

Proprioceptor that monitors and signals muscle stretch (muscle length)

Question 36

Golgi tendon organ (inhibitory)

Answer 36

Proprioceptor that monitors and signals muscle contraction against a force (muscle tension)

Question 37

What happens when there is damage to the CNS?

Answer 37

Destruction of tracts in CNS

Question 38

Lesion

Answer 38

Any type of damage to a neuron that causes the electrical information to not transmit properly

Question 39

Crude touch

Answer 39

Itch

Tickle

Pleasant contact

Pleasant pressure

Question 40

Discriminative touch

Answer 40

Contact

Vibration

Pressure

Stretch

Question 41

Position (static) proprioception

Answer 41

Muscle length

Muscle tension

Joint tension

Joint angle

Question 42

Movement (dynamic) proprioception

Answer 42

Muscle length

Muscle tension

Joint tension

Joint angle

Question 43

Free nerve ending

Answer 43

Nociception

Temperature

Crude touch

Question 44

Merkels disk

Answer 44

Discriminative touch (pressure)

Question 45

Meissners corpuscle

Answer 45

Discriminative touch (vibration low frequency)

Question 46

Ruffinis ending

Answer 46

Discriminative touch (stretch)

Question 47

What are the elements of the somatosensory system?

Answer 47

Integumentary, muscular, and skeletal system

Question 48

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 48

Discriminative touch (vibration high frequency)

Question 49

Hair follicle nerve ending

Answer 49

Discriminative touch (movement of hair)

Question 50

Where are Ruffini like found?

Answer 50

Joint capsules

Question 51

What is Ruffini like stimulus?

Answer 51

Joint position

Question 52

Where are Pacinian like found?

Answer 52

Joint capsules

Question 53

What are Pacinian like stimulus?

Answer 53

Joint movement