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Principles of Science BVetMed 3 > Anaesthetic equipment > Flashcards

Anaesthetic equipment Flashcards

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1
Q

What gas can be supplied? 3

A

Oxygen, NO and medical air

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2
Q

What is the ‘PISS’ system?

A

Pin-index safety system on E-sized cylinders (ensures safety of pressurised gas). There is a washer (the Bodok seal) between the cylinder and the yoke.

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3
Q

Describe an oxygen cylinder

A

(Black) or white cylinder
White top
137 bar (13700kPa)
guage pressure indicates volume left in cylinder

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4
Q

What is a blue cylinder?

A

NO gas
4.4 bar (4400kPa)
Guage pressure does NOT indicate volume left
Weigh cylinder
Gas present (L) = ((net-tare) weight (g) * 22.4)/44

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5
Q

Define MHRA

A

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

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6
Q

Describe a medical grade air cylinder

A 
Grey cylinder
Black/white quarters on top
Supply pressure depends on use
Advanced surgeries
Mostly N, less O2.
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7
Q

Why use medical gas pipelines?

A

(Gas supplied from source outside building)

Safer and more economical

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8
Q

What are the terminal units of medical gas pipelines called?

A

Schrader valves. Terminal units are colour coded like the cylinders. These are non-interchangeable. Hoses connecting valves to the anaesthetic machine are colour coded.

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9
Q

What is an oxygen concentrator ?

A

extracts oxygen from the air but needs a source of electricity. Max. O2 concentration is 95%. Smaller practices usually.

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10
Q

What does an anaesthetic machine consist of?

A 
Gas supply
Pressure gauges
Pressure regulators
Flowmeters
Vaporisizers
Other features (emergency O2 flush, common gas outlet)
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11
Q

What does a pressure regulator do?

A

decreases pressure from the cylinder to be used in the patient.

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12
Q

Describe pressure guages

A

For O2 - this indicates amount left in cylinder

For NO - need to weigh cylinder

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13
Q

What do pressure regulators/reducing valves do?

A

Reduce cylinder pressure to a safer level (around 4 bar)
Keep pressure constant
Positioned between cylinder and machine

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14
Q

What do flowmeters do?

A
  • Measure flow rates of gases (indicated by a bobbin or ball bearing floating in a transparent glass or plastic tube. Read flow rate on the top of the bobbin or the middle of the ball bearing)
  • Calibrated for a single gas
  • Flow controlled by turning a knob on front of flowmeter
  • Knobs are colour-coded for each gas
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15
Q

What do low oxygen pressure alarms do?

A

whistle either powered by low pressure oxygen or NO cylinder

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16
Q

What does the emergency oxygen flush do?

A

The O2 flush valve enables high flow of O2, bypassing the ‘back bar’ (therefore usually bypassing the vaporiser)

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17
Q

What is a pressure relief valve for?

A

so that if something blocks the outlet, the pressure does not rise so far that the machine comes apart.

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18
Q

What do compressed oxygen outlets do?

A

drive the ventilator (not electricity)

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19
Q

What do vaporisers do?

A

vaporise liquid (volatile) anaesthetics
Deliver known concentrations of anaesthetic
Calibrated for one agent only
Accurate over a range of temperatures and flows

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20
Q

What affects administration through a vaporiser?

A 
Flow through the vaporising chamber
Efficiency of vaporisation
Temperature
Time
Gas flow rate
Carrier gas composition
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21
Q

What is isoflurane TEC 3?

A

Agent specific filling (Fraser Sweatman pin safety system, prevents mixing of agents within the vaporiser)
Must not be tipped over (uncontrolled output of anaesthetic agent may result)

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22
Q

What is TEC4?

A

Similar to TEC3 but…has an anti-spill feature and an interlock facility (to prevent 2 vaporisers being used simultaneously)

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23
Q

What is a penlon vaporiser?

A

More modern. Currently manufactured for isoflurane/sevoflurane

  • Temperature compensated
  • High resistance
  • Agent specific
  • Flow compensated
  • Back pressure compensated
  • Wick: cartridge design for easy cleaning
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24
Q

Aims - Fraser Sweatman safety system - 2

A

To reduce spillage of volatile agents and prevent mixing of 2 agents inside a vaporiser.

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25
Q

What do sevoflurane bottles do?

A

They plug directly into the vaporiser and this eliminates spillage.

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26
Q

What is an APL valve?

A

Adjustable Pressure Limiting Valve - most breathing systems have this

27
Q

List types of scavenging system - 3

A

Activated charcoal absorbers

Passive and active scavenging systems

28
Q

Features - activated charcoal absorbers

A

Must be replaced every 12 hours
Don’t absorb NO
Gas is adsorbed onto the charcoal

29
Q

How do active and passive scavenging systems work?

A

waste gases ducted out of window, pipe or extractor fan to outside. Pollution of atmosphere. Active systems connect to vacuum. Air brake MUST be utilised.

ACTIVE: pumped away int the atmosphere, need an ‘air brake’ to limit suction.

30
Q

How are anaesthetic breathing systems classified?

A

Usually classified by how they eliminate CO2 from expired gas:

NON-rebreathing system
Rebreathing system

31
Q

How does a non-rebreathing system work?

A

CO2 removed by flow of fresh gas through the system - no expired gas is reused?

32
Q

How does a rebreathing system work?

A

CO2 in expired gas is removed by absorption so that expired gas can be re-used.

33
Q

List examples of non-rebreathing systems - 5

A 
Magill
Lack
Bain
Ayre
Humphrey
34
Q

List 2 examples of rebreathing systems

A

Circle and to-and-fro rebreathing systems and include a cannister containing CO2 absorbent

35
Q

What is the Mapelson classification?

A

It is a functional classification (A-F, C is human only) of non-rebreathing systems. Theoretical efficiency in fresh gas use. Fresh gas flow needed to prevent rebreathing expessed as a multiple of animal’s minute volume (‘circuit factor’)

36
Q

Define tidal volume (TV)

A

the volume of gas inspired or expired in one BREATH

37
Q

Define minute volume (MV)

A

the volume of air inspired or expired in one MINUTE

38
Q

How do you calculate the minute volume?

A

Estimate TV at 10-15ml/kg (use higher value in SA) and multiply this by the RR to obtain MV (MV=TV*RR)

39
Q

Describe a Magill system (Mapleson A)

A

Non-rebreathing
Suitable for animals >10kg
Flow rate 1-1.5 * MV (200-300ml/kg/min)

40
Q

Describe a Lack system (Mapleson A)

A

Non-rebreathing - 2 types:
- Co-axial (tube within a tube): [Suitable for animals >10kg
Flow rate is 1-1.5* MV (200-300ml/kg/min)]
- Parallel (standard and ‘mini’ versions): [standard version suitable for animals >10kg, mini version for animals <10kg). Circuit factor of 1-1.5]

41
Q

Describe a T-piece

A

Ayre’s T piece (and variants)
Suitable for animals <10kg Flow rate of 2.3* MV [500-600ml/kg/min. THis circuit factor is extremely high to ensure gas is not reused.]

42
Q

Where does fresh gas flow in a Bain system?

A

fresh gas flows in the inner tube

43
Q

Describe a Bain system

A

Non-rebreathing
Mapleson D
Suitable for animals >10kg (but uneconomical)
Flow rate of 2.5-3* MV (500-600ml/kg/min)

44
Q

What checks need to be made on the breathing system? 6

A

Connect to anaesthetic machine - close APL valve (remember P means pressure i.e. closed), cover the patient end with you thumb - use oxygen flush to inflate the reservoir bag - watch for leaks - open APL valve

45
Q

What checks need to be made with co-axial breathing systems?

A

Check the inner tube also:
turn on the oxygen flow metre, use the red device to briefly cover the inner tube only, if the inner tube is sealed, the flow metre will drop, if there is a leak, the flow metre will remain constant

46
Q

What is a Humphrey ADE?

A

A mandelson A, Mandelson D and Manleson E system. Can either allow spontaneous or controlled ventilation.

SPONTANEOUS: valve must be UP, functions as a Mapleson Type A (Magill or Lack), very efficient in fresh gas use
CONTROLLED: valve must be DOWN, functions as a Mapleson type D (Bain), can be used without reservoir bag (Mapleson E) but no facility to scavenge.

47
Q

How does a Humphrey ADE circuit work?

A

Universal circuit incorporating a level which allows the circuit to be changed from a Mapleson A to D to E

48
Q

What flow rate should be used for Humphrey ADE?

A

CATS: 600ml/min

DOGS (10kg): 2L/min for 10 min then reduce to 1L/min

49
Q

How are rebreathing systems classified? Examples?

A

VAPORIZER OUT OF CIRCUIT: circle, Humphrey ADE or to-and-fro.
VAPORISER IN CIRCUIT: Komesaroff machine, Stephens machine

50
Q

Rebreathing system - advantages - 2

A
  • Much lower fresh gas flows are needed (economy)

- Reaction of absorbent with CO2 produces heat and moisture

51
Q

Rebreathing system - disadvantages - 3

A
  • exact compositon of inspired gas unknown
  • changes in depth take longer
  • more expensive
52
Q

For what animals is a circle system suitable?

A

Animals >10kg

53
Q

Describe a coaxial circle

A

= “universal F circuit”

  • inspiratory tube inside expiratory tube
  • aids warming and humidification of inspired gases
  • resistance increased slightly over parallel circuit systems
  • problems if inner (inspiratory) tube is cracked or becomes disconnected.
54
Q

Describe a to-and-fro system

A

Same principle as circle system but smaller and more compact.

55
Q

What are the important practical aspects of using a circular rebreathing system?

A
  • use a higher fresh gas flow initially for first 10 mins (to flush air out so as not to dilute anaesthetics)
  • once stable plane of anaesthesia, reduce flow (50ml/kg/min)
  • if using NO, don’t exceed a 50:50 mixture
  • CO2 absorbent should be changed when half has changed colour
56
Q

What is important to remember about CO2 absorbers?

A

if exhausted absorbant is left in the canister, the colour change can reverse, but this doesn’t mean it can be used again

57
Q

Outline CO2 absorbers:
example
colour change

A

EXAMPLE: soda lime (potassium/sodium hydroxide)
COLOUR: pink to white or white to violet
REACTION: when it reacts with anaesthetic agent, there is production of CO and compound A, especially risky with very dry soda lime and sevoflurane or desflurane.

“LoFlowSorb” contains calcium hydroxide which eliminates risks associated with compound A and CO.
Green to violet (permanent colour change)

58
Q

Describe a vaporiser in circuit - 5

A
  • Vaporiser is located in circle circuit.
  • Patient breathes through the vaporiser (low resistance)
  • Increased ventilation will increase inspired anaesthetic
  • Decreased fresh gas flow rate –> increases inspired anaesthetic agent concentration
  • very economical in anaesthetic and oxygen use
59
Q

What is used to place an ETT?

A

laryngoscope

60
Q

Is sevoflurane cheap or expensive?

A

expensive - use with a vaporiser in circuit set up

61
Q

Describe endotracheal tubes (ETT):
material
shape
check

A

MATERIAL: red rubber, PVC or silicone
SHAPE: preformed curve (not silicone), some have a ‘Murphy eye’ which allows flow of anaesthetic if end is occluded, INTERNAL diameter marked in mm.
CHECK: cuff before use.

62
Q

Indications to use a laryngeal mask

A

if animal can’t be intubated or ET will get in way of procedure, this still allows O2 delivery. Cat and rabbit types

63
Q

What are HMEs?

A

Heat and Moisture Exchangers (sponge inside traps the water vapour –> gases are then warmed)

Principles of Science BVetMed 3 (110 decks)

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