Aldehydes And Ketones Flashcards
What is a primary alcohol oxidised to?
Aldehyde
It is further oxidised to a carboxylic acid.
What is a secondary alcohol oxidised to?
Ketone
What can aldehydes be reduced to?
Primary alcohols
What can ketones be reduced to?
Alcohol
What can a ketone be reduced to?
Secondary alcohol
Define oxidation in organic chemistry
When a carbon forms a bond to a more electronegative element
Define reduction in organic chemistry
When carbon forms a bond with a less electronegative element
Define reduction in organic chemistry
When carbon forms a bond with a less electronegative element
Define reduction in organic chemistry
When carbon forms a bond with a less electronegative element
What reducing agent is used to reduce aldehydes and ketones?
NaBH4
LiAlH4
Why are these NaBH4 and LiAlH4 used as reducing agents?
As they are sources hydride ions
:H-
How do these reducing agents react with water?
NaBH4 + H2O—-> Na+ BH4-
The BH4- is the source of hydride ions.
LiAlH4 + H2O—-> Li+ +AlH4-
The AlH4- is source of hydride ions
Give an equation for the overall reduction of aldehydes?
CH3Ch2CHO + 2[H]—> CH3CH2CH2OH
What is the bonding in cyanide
Carbon is triple bonded to nitrogen
What is the bonding in a cyanide molecule?
Carbon is triple bonded to nitrogen
How do you name a 4 carbon chain with a cyanide group?
Butanenitrile
What is the bond angle for a cyanide group?
180 degrees
What is the bonding in hydrogen cyanide?
It is a covalently bonded gas
Why is hydrogen cyanide not used in labs?
Extremely toxic to the point that if you inhale a tiny but you can die
When an aldehyde or ketone react with cyanide what do they produce l?
An alcohol and cyanide
This is also known as a hydroxynitriles
What are the conditions required to form a hydroxynitrile?
KCN OR NaCN
dissolved in water (aq)
Dilute H2SO4
What is the production of hydroxynitriles an example of?
Nucleophilic addition
How do we name a hydroxynitrile?
- Count position number one of the carbon chain as the cyanide group.
- Name the side chain and alcohol group accordingly
What is the overall equation for the formation of a hydroxynitrile
CH3CHO + KCN + H2SO4—-> CH3CH(OH)CN + KHSO4
