Alcohols Flashcards
What forces do alcohols have?
The O-H makes them have hydrogen bonding.
what is the state of alcohol at room temperature?
liquids
As the length of the carbon chain increases, the strength of van der waals forces ….
increases
What alcohol are soluble in water
Short carbon chained alcohols
what are primary alcohols?
alcohol function group is attached to one carbon
what is a secondary alcohol?
an alcohol functional group connected to two carbons
what are tertiary alcohols?
an alcohol functional group attached to three carbon atoms.
What is a diol?
a alkane with two alcohol functional groups.
how do you name diols?
example hexan-2,2-diol
What forces do ketones experience?
Van der waals forces
Dipole dipole forces due to C-O bond
What forces do aldehydes experience?
Van der waals forces
Dipole dipole forces due to C-O bond
What forces do carboxylic acids experience?
Van der waals forces
Dipole dipole forces
And hydrogen bonding
Are carbonyl compounds polar or non polar molecules?
polar
what is the solubility of carbonyl compounds?
small chained carbonyl compounds are highly soluble.
Which carbonyl compound is the most soluable?
carboxylic acids.
What does oxidation mean in organic chemistry?
Whenever a carbon forms a bond with a more electronegative element
What are primary alcohol oxidised too?
Primary alcohols are oxidised to aldehydes
What can the aldehydes be oxidised to?
Aldehydes to carboxylic acids
What are secondary alcohol oxidised too?
Secondary alcohols —-> ketones
What are tertiary alcohol oxidised to?
Cannot be oxidised
What is used to oxidise alcohols?
Acidified dichromate—-> K2Cr2O7
If oxidation occur what colour does the reaction change?
It goes from orange to green
To make ketones from secondary alcohols what do you do?
Add excess acidified dichromate. And heat under reflux. Once the reaction has finished use distillation to separate the mixtures.
What do you do to produce an aldehyde?
Simple distillation.As aldehydes have a lower boiling point then alcohol, it boils and makes a gas and is collected
How do we distinguish between primary secondary and tertiary alcohols?
1.Heat the mixture
2. Add acidified dichromate
If the mixture is orange ( tertiary) if the mixture is green (primary or secondary).
How do we distinguish between a primary and secondary alcohol?
Add tollen’s reagent. If an aldehyde is present a silver mirror forms—> primary alcohol.
If ketone no change—-> secondary alcohol
When alcohol undergo elimination reactions what do they produce?
An alkene and water
What is an alcohol elimination reaction called?
A dehydration reaction
What are the conditions required for a dehydration reaction?
Heat mixture
Concentrate acid catalyst -H2SO4 or H3PO4
When an alkene reacts with water it forms?
An alcohol
Forming an alcohol from an alkene and water is called what type of reaction?
Hydration reaction
