alcohol and sedatives Flashcards
Ethanol is readily soluble in
both fat and water
Aldehyde dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in the metabolism of alcohol because it converts __________ into ____________.
acetaldehyde; acetate
The pharmacodynamic mechanism of naltrexone is to
block opiate receptors
The most common cause of death when combining benzodiazepines with another CNS depressant is
respiratory depression
What percentage of automobile accidents that result in at least one fatality are thought to involve alcohol?
50%
Zolpidem is a
non-benzodiazepine BZRA
Severe acute liver toxicity can occur when alcohol is combined with
acetomenophin
Eszoplicone has been FDA approved for continuous use up to
6 months
What class of sedative is temazepam?
benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepines have largely replaced treatment for insomnia for the following reasons
-they have a more rapid onset of effects
-they are safer
-they have shorter half lives
what is the 1st most widely used psychoactive subsyance in the world
caffiene
alcohol accounts for ____% of all car accidents and ___% of all fatal accidents
30 ; 50
alcohol is absorbed in the ________
GI tract
alcohol is ______ and ____ soluable
lipid & water
alcohol half life is dependeny on ….. (4)
-size and weight
-individual metabolism rate
-related food intake
-the specific beverage consumed
women metabolize ______ ethanol than men (why?)
less;
Less gastric metabolism
Less blood (less muscle)
More fat (alcohol concentrates in plasma)
tolerance with alcohol
occurs w chronic, heavy use; does not tend to occur in sporadic or light drinkers
alcohol can lead to….
-Liver damage
-Hepatitis/cirrhosis
-75% of alcoholism deaths
-12th cause of death in US
how are you most likely to die from alcohol toxicity?
respiratory depression
how does antabuse (disulfram) work?
blocks metabolism, allowing acetaldehyde build-up.
how does vivitrol/revia (naltrexone) work?
blocks opioid receptors, decreases reinforcing value of alcohol
how does campral (acamprosate) work?
GABA agonist/glutamate NMDA antagonist
how does wellbutrin (buproprion) work?
DA agonist
how does chantix (varenicline) work?
nicotinic partial agonist
how does accomplia (rimonabant) work?
cannabinoid antagnoist
who are serotonin agonists best used for to maintain alcohol abstience?
best for pxts who started drinking later and less psychopathology
issues w barbituates
low safety index
dalmane, dormalin, prosam, and restoril (BZDs) have….
active metabolites
halcion, versed, rohypnol have a _______ ED50 lower than their _______ ED50
amnestic; somnolent
flurazepam (Dalmane) is more effective (when/why)?
More effective the longer you take it due to accumulation of active metabolite with long half-life
triazolam (halcion) is best used for….
sleep-onset insomnia
flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) is an …..
amnestic
pro of non-benozdiazepine BZRAs
lower risk for dependence
eszopiclone (trade name) / use
Lunesta
treats insomnia
daridorexant (trade name) / use
quiviviq
use for insomnia
dual orexin receptor antagonist (neuropeptide)
temazepam (trade name) /use / class of drug
Restoril
short term management of insomnia
benzodiazepine
Zolpidem is used as a sleep aid because it has a relatively ___________ half-life and __________ metabolites.
Short; inactive
A reason that women have higher blood ethanol levels than men, after accounting for size/body weight, is because women have
lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their GI system
Temazepam is listed as pregnancy category ______.
X
