AIRWAY

Question 1

Ventilation

Answer 1

Physical act of moving air in and out of the lungs

Question 2

Oxygenation

Answer 2

Loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin in bloodstream

Question 3

Respiration

Answer 3

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli and tissues of body

Question 4

Another name for internal respiration is…

Answer 4

Cellular respiration

Question 5

Another name for external respiration

Answer 5

Pulmonary respiration

Question 6

During exhalation, ____ signal _____ as chest expands, which _____ respiration

Answer 6

Stretch receptor; apneustic center; inhibits

Question 7

Inhalation/Exhalation Feedback Loop
which prevents overinflation of lungs

Answer 7

Herring-Breuer Reflex

Question 8

What is FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen?

Answer 8

% O2 in inhaled air

Question 9

Hyperventilate

Answer 9

Rapid / Deep
CO2 elimination exceeds production
PaCO2 decrease
Hypocapnia
Resp Alkalosis

Question 10

Hypoventilate

Answer 10

Slow and Shallow
CO2 production exceeds elimination
PaCO2 increase
Hypercapnia
Resp Acidosis

Question 11

Difference in O2 level,
high altitude vs closed space

Answer 11

Decreased PaO2 vs
Decreased amt of O2

Question 12

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
primary; pH; compensation

Answer 12

Ex. Hypoglycemia
HCO3 decrease
pH decrease
pCO2 decrease

Question 13

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
primary; pH; compensation

Answer 13

Ex. Hyperglycemia
HCO3 increase
pH increase
pCO2 increase

Question 14

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
primary; pH; compensation

Answer 14

Ex. hypoventilate
pCO2 increase
pH decrease
HCO3 increase

Question 15

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
primary; pH; compensation

Answer 15

Ex. hyperventilate
pCO2 decrease
pH increase
HCO3 decrease

Question 16

Tracheal / Bronchial sound

Answer 16

Higher/louder pitch/intensity
Auscultate on trachea/sternum
Abnormal if heard elsewhere

Question 17

Bronchiovesicular sound

Answer 17

Midrange pitch/intensity
1:1
Throughout but most at upper 1/3 chest

Question 18

Vesicular sound

Answer 18

Low pitch/intensity
3:1
Throughout but mostly at base

Question 19

Wheezing

Answer 19

Continuous, HIGH pitch
“Whistle” due to constricted lower airway
Heard during in, ex, both

Asthma, COPD, …

Question 20

Rhonchi

Answer 20

Continuous, LOW pitch
“snoring/rumbling/gurgling” fluid in larger lower airways
During in, ex, both
@center of chest most prominent
Can clear by coughing

COPD, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, …

Question 21

Crackles sounds

Answer 21

Discontinuous, LOW pitch
“crackle/popping/bubbling” fluid in smaller lower airways
During early/late inspiration

Severe P.E., pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, …

Question 22

Stridor sounds

Answer 22

Loud, HIGH pitch
During inspiration
@upper airway above glottis

Upper airway obstruction

Question 23

Pleural Friction Rub sound

Answer 23

“stepping over snow, cat purr”
LOW pitch, Both In & Out
@one spot

Question 24

Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

Answer 24

apnea, gradual increase, gradual decrease, apnea

due to cardiac insult —> brainstem insult
Or during none-REM sleep

Question 25

Kussmaul Respirations

Answer 25

deep, shallow —> deep, labored, gasping sweet odor seen in diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 26

Biot (Ataxic) Respirations

Answer 26

irregular pattern, rate, depth with intermittent apneas due to increased ICP

Question 27

Agonal Gasps

Answer 27

slow, shallow, irregular or occasional gasping breath Due to cerebral anoxia; may be seen when cardiac arrest (brain sending signal even after heart stopped)

Question 28

Normal Arterial pH

Answer 28

7.35-7.45

Question 29

Normal Arterial PaO2

Answer 29

80-100mmHg

Question 30

Normal Arterial PaCO2

Answer 30

35-45mmHg

Question 31

SaO2

Answer 31

>95%

Question 32

LEMON

Answer 32

Look externally Evaluate 3-3-2 Mallampati classification Obstruction Neck mobility

Question 33

Things to consider for L from LEMON

Answer 33

short thick neck, morbid obesity, dental conditions

Question 34

Things to consider for E from LEMON

Answer 34

- Mouth opening 3 fingerbreadths - 3 fingerbreadths tip of chin to hyoid bone - 2 fingerbreadth from hyoid bone to thyroid notch

Question 35

Things to consider for M from LEMON

Answer 35

Class I: posterior pharynx fully visible Class II: posterior pharynx partially exposed Class III: only base of uvula exposed; no post pharynx Class IV: no structure visible

Question 36

Things to consider for O from LEMON

Answer 36

anything that can interfere with intubation: foreign body, obesity, hematoma, masses, dentures, etc

Question 37

Things to consider for N from LEMON

Answer 37

goal is sniffing position (tripod) Trauma? Elderly?

Question 38

Murphy’s Eye

Answer 38

Secondary hole at the side of the far end of ET tube to allow ventilation even if bevel gets occluded

Question 39

ET Tube for female

Answer 39

7.0 7.5 8.0

Question 40

ET Tube for male

Answer 40

7.5 8.0 8.5

Question 41

Et Tube for peds

Answer 41

2.5 3.0 3.5 No cuff

Question 42

Which finger to help determine right ET Tube?

Answer 42

Pinky finger to pick their nose

Question 43

Why no cuff on ET Tube for peds?

Answer 43

Their glottis to cricoid ring is funnel shaped; narrowing down distally

Question 44

Vallecula

Answer 44

Notch between the tongue and epiglottis Depressed with tip of laryngoscope blade to lift the epiglottis up out of the way