A&P: Nervous System - Brain and Cranial Nerves

Question 1

How Many Cranial Nerves?

Answer 1

12 pairs

Question 2

4 Major Parts of Brain

Answer 2

Cerebrum / Diencephalon / Brainstem / Cerebellum

Question 3

Cerebrum

Answer 3

largest; “seat of intelligence”

allows higher cognitive function, integrate info from receptors, process visual info and higher order visual info, …

allows us to do “figure things out”
ex) read, write, speak, calculate, compose, remember past, plan for future, imagine things…

Question 4

Layers of Cerebrum (superficial to deep)

Answer 4

Cerebral Gyrus
Cerebral Sulcus
Cerebral Cortex (Gray Matter)
Cerebral White Matter

Question 5

Lobes of Cerebrum

Answer 5

Frontal / Parietal / Occipital / Temporal / Insula (deep)

Question 6

3 Types of Tracts in Cerebral White Matter

Answer 6

Association Tract - communicate w/in same hemisphere

Commissural Tract - communicate across hemisphere

Projection Tract - communicate to/from lower part CNS

Question 7

Limbic System (location / f(x))

Answer 7

“emotional brain”

just inferior to cerebrum

connect emotion to behavioral response

smell and memory

motivation, learning, transition of info from short to long-term memory

Question 8

3 Parts of Diencephalon (~”deception”) and function

Answer 8

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

relay and filter

Question 9

Thalamus

Answer 9

principal relay station for sensory impulses going to cerebral cortex

Question 10

Hypothalamus

Answer 10

controls many body activities, including regulating homeostasis

body temp, pituitary glands, emotion/behavioral patterns, eating/drinking, ANS, circadian rhythm

Question 11

Epithalamus

Answer 11

2 parts:

Habenular Nuclei - emotional responses to odors

Pineal Gland - melatonin secretion

Question 12

Cerebellum

Answer 12

lower walnut of the brain

controls fine and gross muscle coordination

“how well did that action get executed?”

Question 13

3 Parts of Brainstem and general function

Answer 13

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

basic autonomic functions like reflex

Question 14

Medulla Oblongata (location & functions)

Answer 14

superior part of spinal cord; inferior part of brainstem

cardiovascular center (HR & BP)

medullary respiration center

reflexes: vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccup

CRANIAL NERVES 8 9 10 11 12

Question 15

Pons (location & function)

Answer 15

superior to medulla; anterior to cerebellum

ventral region: efficiency of voluntary motor output

dorsal region: ascending (aff) and descending (eff) nerve fiber

pontine respiratory group

CRANIAL NERVES 5 6 7 8

Question 16

Midbrain (location & functions)

Answer 16

superior portion of brainstem

relay for impulses from cerebral cortex to pons and spinal cord

motor activity and muscular tone

CRANIAL NERVES 3 4

Question 17

Reticular Formation (location and function)

Answer 17

extends from spinal cord into diencephalon

Reticular Activating System (RAS) ascending portion: managing consciousness, arousal, alertness, sensory overload prevention; inactivated for sleep; damaged leads to coma

RAS descending portion: connection to cerebellum and spinal cord; regulate muscle tone, HR, BP, RR

Question 18

3 Layers of Meninges

Answer 18

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 19

3 Extensions of Dura Mater

Answer 19

Falx Cerebri: separates 2 hemispheres of CEREBRUM

Falx Cerebelli: separates 2 hemispheres of CEREBELLUM

Tentorium Cerebelli: separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Question 20

Blood-Brain Barrier

Answer 20

extra measure of brain protection from harmful substances

mainly tight junctions

semipermeability controlled by Astrocytes

O2 CO2 caffeine nicotine H2O - easy

glucose - easy with facilitated transport

water solubles like ions - slow

Question 21

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (location and function)

Answer 21

ventricles and subarachnoid space

-mechanical protection
-chemical protection
-circulation

Question 22

what % of O2 and glucose consumed in brain?

Answer 22

20% even at rest

Question 23

Types of brain hemorrhage

Answer 23

epidural
sudural
suarachnoid
intracerebral

Question 24

Olfactory Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 24

(I)
cerebelum
sensory
conduct nerve impulses for smell
asking able-to question of common things like alcohol wipe

Question 25

Optic Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 25

(II)
cerebrum
sensory
conduct nerve impulses for vision
can you read what it says?

Question 26

Oculomotor Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test,muscles)

Answer 26

(III)
midbrain
motor
move eyes + eyelid muscles / pupillary constriction
H test

medial rectus / superior rectus / inferior rectus / inferior oblique

Question 27

Trochlear Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test,muscles)

Answer 27

(IV)
midbrain
motor
move eyes
H test

superior oblique (connected to trochlea, the “pulley”)

Question 28

Abducens Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test,muscles)

Answer 28

(VI)
pons
motor
move eyes
H test

lateral rectus (it’s going to “abduct” the eyeball)

Question 29

Trigeminal Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 29

(V)
pons
V1 Ophthalmic - sensory
V2 Maxillary - sensory
V3 Mandibular - both
facial sensation and chewing
sensation test; clinch test

Question 30

Facial Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 30

(VII)
pons
both
facial expression, salivation, tears, blinking, taste: sweet/salty, 2/3 anterior tongue
let’s see you smile, frown; any issues with eating recently?;

Question 31

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 31

(VIII)
medulla
sensory
vestibular - equilibrium; cochlear - hearing
ability to walk; finger rub

Question 32

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 32

(IX)
medulla
both
swallowing, taste: bitter/sour, posterior 1/3 tongue, gag reflex
look for lifting of uvula

Question 33

Vagus Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 33

(X)
medulla
both
swallowing, gag reflex, sensation behind ear, innervation pharynx and epiglottis, parasympathetic innervation of organs in thorax and abdomen
?

Question 34

Accessory Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 34

(XI)
medulla
motor
movement of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle
turn head to shoulders; shoulder shrug with resistance

Question 35

Hypoglossal Nerve (#,from?,type,function,test)

Answer 35

(XII)
medulla
motor
tongue movement
pay attention to their pronunciation