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300-F1 CPP > A&P: Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

A&P: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus (Cytosol and Organelles)

site of all intracellular activities except those in the Nucleus

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

composed of water, solutes, suspended particles, lipid droplets, glycogen granules

fluid which many of cell’s metabolic reactions occur

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments: Microfilaments / Intermediate Filaments / Microtubules

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4
Q

Microfilaments

A

composed of actin and myosin
generate movement (muscle contraction, cell division, cell locomotion)
provide mechanical support (anchoring of integral proteins in plasma membrane and core for Microvilli)

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5
Q

Microvilli

A

contains core of Microfilament
increase surface area for increased absorption
common in small intestine

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6
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

stabilize positions of organelles and cell-to-cell; other parts of mechanical stress

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7
Q

Microtubules

A

composed of tubulin
determine cell shape
fx in movement of organelles, chromosomes, entire cells
Cilia and Flagella

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8
Q

Organelles

A

specialized structures in cells (like organs in our body)

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9
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule organizing center

2 Centrioles and Pericentriolar Matrix

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10
Q

Centrioles

A

cylindrical structure of Microtubular triplets x 9 in circle

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11
Q

Pericentriolar Matrix

A

cloud of tubulin, surrounding the 2 Centrioles in Centrosome

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12
Q

Cilia

A

hairlike projections from cellular surface that contains 20 microtubules and basal body

moves fluids along cell’s surface (like oar)

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13
Q

Flagellum

A

Cilia-like in structure

moves entire cell

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14
Q

Ribosome

A

sites of protein synthesis

composed of 2 subunits, made separately in nucleolus

free synthesizes proteins utilized in cytosol

attached synthesizes proteins meant to be sent to plasma membrane or out of cell

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

membranous network of flattened sacs/tubules
Rough vs Smooth

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16
Q

Rough ER

A

synthesize glycoproteins and phospholipids, which are to be transferred to cellular organelles, plasma membrane, or secreted out

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17
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesize fatty acids and steroids, NOT proteins
Liver: detoxes lipid-soluble drugs / harmful substances
Liver, Kidney, Intestines: removes phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate; releasing glucose into bloodstream
Muscle Fibers: stores and releases Ca+2 for contractions

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18
Q

Golgi Complex

A

prepares most of proteins synthesized by Rough ER Ribosomes for send off
consists of 3-20 Saccules

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19
Q

Cisternae

A

single unit / “stack” of Golgi Complex

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20
Q

Entry (cis) Face of Cisternae

A

receives and modifies proteins received from R ER

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21
Q

Exit (trans) Face of Cisternae

A

modifies, sorts, and packages into vesicles for transport to destinations

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22
Q

Intermediate Saccules

A

stacks of Saccules in between the cis & trans faces

modify proteins to form glycoproteins, glycolipids, or lipoproteins

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23
Q

Secretory Vesicle / Membrane Vesicle / Transport Vesicle

A

Vesicles from Golgi Complex meant for:

exocytosis / insertion in plasma membrane / some other destination within the cell(ex. Lysosome)
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24
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

cell’s outer surface with selective permeability

composed of phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipid, and membrane proteins

amphipathic

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25
Processing and Packaging of Proteins by Golgi Complex
1. Synthesized proteins from R ER arrives in transport vesicle 2. Transport vesicle merges with the cis face of GC and releases content into lumen 3. Proteins move into Intermediate Saccules. Proteins are modified into glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins 4. Moves further in depending on the needs 5. At trans face of GC, further modified and put into specific vesicles 6. Some leave the cell thru exocytosis; some are inserted into plasma membrane; some are transported to Lysosome
26
Lysosome
membrane enclosed vesicles formed from Golgi Complex that contains digestive enzymes digests contents of endosome/phagosome/vesicles from Bulk-Phase Endocytosis carry out Autophagy, Autolysis, extracellular digestion (sperm entering oocyte)
27
Autophagy
digestion of worn-out organelles involved in cellular differentiation, growth control, tissue remodeling, environment adaptation, cell defense
28
Autophagosome
vesicle from ER that contains worn-out organelle during Autophagy
29
Autolysis
destruction of entire cell by Lysosome
30
Peroxisome
oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids during metabolism contains and detoxifies harmful byproduct from metabolism (H2O2 and free radicals) able to self-replicate
31
Proteasome
destroys unneeded damaged faulty cytosolic proteins into smaller peptides
32
Mitochondria
“powerhouse” generates ATP thru aerobic respiration plays important early role in Apoptosis able to self-replicate
33
External Mitochondrial Membrane
Outer membrane of Mitochondria
34
Internal Mitochondrial Membrane
Inner layer of Mitochondria containing Mitochondrial Cristae
35
Mitochondrial Cristae
foldings of Internal Mitochondrial Membrane creates increased surface are for chemical reactions of aerobic cellular respiration
36
Mitochondrial Matrix
central fluid-filled cavity of Mitochondria contains enzymes involved in aerobic cellular respiration also contains ribosomes
37
Apoptosis
orderly, genetically programmed death of a cell occurs in response to DNA damage, lack of O2 nutrients, increased number of free radicals etc.
38
Nucleus
controls cellular structure directs cellular activities produces ribosomes in Nucleoli
39
Nuclear Envelope
lipid bilayer that separates Nucleus from Cytoplsam
40
Nuclear Pores
pores present in nuclear envelope outlined by protein channels controls movement between Nucleus and Cytoplasm through passive and selective active transport
41
Nucleoli
cluster of proteins, DNA, RNA produces ribosomes
42
# of Chromosomes
somatic: 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent) sex:
43
Chromosome
highly coiled and folded DNA molecule combined with proteins (ex histone)
44
Nucleosome
single unit of combined DNA, proteins and some RNA
45
Chromatin
chains of DNA, proteins, and some RNA
46
Histones
group of 8 proteins packed into a ball wrapped around with DNA (twice) to form Nucleosome
47
Linker DNA
holds each Nucleosomes together in Chromatin
48
Chromatin Fiber
coiled loops of chromatin
49
Chromatid
condensed Chromatin Fibers just before cell division; replicates to make a pair
50
Gene Expression
process of gene’s DNA being used to synthesize specific protein transcription and translation
51
Base Triplet (from DNA)
sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA
52
Codon (of RNA)
specifies a particular amino acid transcribed from Base Triplet
53
Transcription
occurs in Nucleus Base Triplets in DNA serves as template for copying info into codons 3 types of RNA made are: mRNA / rRNA / tRNA
54
mRNA
Messenger RNA directs the synthesis of a protein; created during Transcription and utilized in Translation
55
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make more ribosomes
56
tRNA
binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome for Translation; the amino acid reflects anticodon it has
57
RNA Polymerase
catalyzes transcription of DNA attaches to Promoter to start ends at Terminator
58
Introns
this region within a gene do not code for parts of proteins
59
Exons
this region codes for protein segments
60
pre-mRNA
product immediately after the Transcription; contains both introns and exons
61
Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)
removes introns from pre-mRNA to produce final product of functional mRNA “snurps” the useless part
62
Alternative Splicing of mRNA
process of pre-mRNA transcribed from a gene is spliced in different ways to be translated into different proteins also final products can be chemically altered after Translation (ex. GC)
63
Translation
mRNA binds to Ribosome to produce amino acid sequence for a protein according to mRNA’s nucleotide sequence
64
P site (peptidyl)
bind tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
65
A site (aminoacyl)
binds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide
66
Process of Transcription
1. RNA Polymerase attaches to Promoter 2. Based on the base triplet, appropriate codons are formed on the RNA strand 3. Ends at the special nucleotide sequence called Terminator, creating pre-mRNA 4. snRNPs cuts off introns and splices exons together, creating functional mRNA
67
Process of Translation
1. mRNA molecule binds to small ribosomal subunit 2. tRNA (initiator) binds its anticodon to the codon of mRNA 3. Large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small subunit, creating functional ribosome 4. The initiator tRNA fits in P site of large subunit 5. Next tRNA with appropriate anticodon and its amino acid comes and fits into the A site 6. Amino acid of P site moves over to A site and bonds with amino acid of A site (peptide bond) 7. Ribosome shifts mRNA by one codon; the initiator tRNA is now in E site and is detached 8. This goes on until a stop codon reaches A site; created protein will then detach from the final tRNA 9. Ribosome units splits apart
68
Polyribosome
Ribosomes attached to same mRNA for translation
69
Cell Division
process of cell reproduction
70
Somatic Cell
any cell of the body other than a Germ Cell diploid (2n) cells
71
Germ Cell
gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete gametes are haploid (n) cells
72
Somatic Cell Division
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
73
Reproductive Cell Division
production of gametes, Meiosis
74
Cell Cycle
orderly sequence of events in which a Somatic Cell duplicates contents and divides in two Interphase (G1 / S / G2) and Mitotic Phase (Mitosis: PMAT and Cytokinesis)
75
Homologous Chromosomes
homologs 2 chromosomes that make up each pair contains similar genes arranged in same* order
76
Sex Chromosomes
female = X X male = X Y
77
Interphase
G1: cell metabolically active; duplicates organelles and cytosolic components; centrosome replication starts S: DNA replication G2: cell growth continues; enzymes, proteins are synthesized; centrosome replication complete
78
G0 phase
describes cells, like most nerve cells, that were destined to remain in G1 or never divide again
79
Mitotic Phase
Mitosis and Cytokinesis results in formation of 2 identical cells
80
Mitosis
Nuclear division PMAT
81
Prophase
chromatin fibers coils up and condenses to form chromosome (consists of 2 identical chromatids) tubulins in Pericentriolar Matrix of now 2 Centrosomes (replicated during interphase) starts to form Mitotic Spindle Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down
82
Centromere
central region that holds the 2 Chromatids together in Chromasome
83
Kinetochore
protein complex that covers centromere
84
Mitotic Spindle
football shaped assembly of microtubules that attaches to Kinetochore
85
Metaphase
Mitotic Spindle align Centromeres of Chromatid pairs at the Metaphase Plate (center)
86
Anaphase
Chromosomes are split into 2 Chromatids (still termed chromosomes) towards each poles
87
Telophase
Chromosomes stops moving and revert to Chromatin form Nuclear Envelope forms around each Chromatin mass Nucleoli reppaers Mitotic Spindle breaks up
88
Cytokinesis
division of cell’s cytoplasm and organelles into 2 identical cell
89
Cleavage Furrow
indentation of plasma membrane formed during late Anaphase and completed in Telophase a contractile ring is formed by Actin Microfilament that pulls plasma membrane inward
90
Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases (Cdk’s)
transfers phosphate group from ATP to a protein for its activation crucial in initiation and regulation of DNA replication, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
91
Cyclin
responsible of switching Cdk’s on and off level rises during G1, S, G2 to push into Mitosis and declines after Mitosis
92
Necrosis
cell death by pathological cause causes inflammatory response by immune system (unlike apoptosis)
93
Meiosis
reproductive cell division occurring in gonads divided into 2 separate stages
94
Synapsis
pairing-off of sister chromatids during Prophase I of Meiosis I, forming Tetrad
95
Crossing-Over
exchange between parts of two non-sister chromatids, resulting in Genetic Recombination
96
Telomere
specific DNA sequences at tips of chromosomes protects erosion; prevents sticking with one another wears out with each division and may cause some loss of chromosomal material

300-F1 CPP (16 decks)

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