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300-F1 CPP > A&P: Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

A&P: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus (Cytosol and Organelles)

site of all intracellular activities except those in the Nucleus

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

composed of water, solutes, suspended particles, lipid droplets, glycogen granules

fluid which many of cell’s metabolic reactions occur

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments: Microfilaments / Intermediate Filaments / Microtubules

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4
Q

Microfilaments

A

composed of actin and myosin
generate movement (muscle contraction, cell division, cell locomotion)
provide mechanical support (anchoring of integral proteins in plasma membrane and core for Microvilli)

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5
Q

Microvilli

A

contains core of Microfilament
increase surface area for increased absorption
common in small intestine

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6
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

stabilize positions of organelles and cell-to-cell; other parts of mechanical stress

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7
Q

Microtubules

A

composed of tubulin
determine cell shape
fx in movement of organelles, chromosomes, entire cells
Cilia and Flagella

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8
Q

Organelles

A

specialized structures in cells (like organs in our body)

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9
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule organizing center

2 Centrioles and Pericentriolar Matrix

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10
Q

Centrioles

A

cylindrical structure of Microtubular triplets x 9 in circle

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11
Q

Pericentriolar Matrix

A

cloud of tubulin, surrounding the 2 Centrioles in Centrosome

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12
Q

Cilia

A

hairlike projections from cellular surface that contains 20 microtubules and basal body

moves fluids along cell’s surface (like oar)

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13
Q

Flagellum

A

Cilia-like in structure

moves entire cell

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14
Q

Ribosome

A

sites of protein synthesis

composed of 2 subunits, made separately in nucleolus

free synthesizes proteins utilized in cytosol

attached synthesizes proteins meant to be sent to plasma membrane or out of cell

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

membranous network of flattened sacs/tubules
Rough vs Smooth

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16
Q

Rough ER

A

synthesize glycoproteins and phospholipids, which are to be transferred to cellular organelles, plasma membrane, or secreted out

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17
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesize fatty acids and steroids, NOT proteins
Liver: detoxes lipid-soluble drugs / harmful substances
Liver, Kidney, Intestines: removes phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate; releasing glucose into bloodstream
Muscle Fibers: stores and releases Ca+2 for contractions

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18
Q

Golgi Complex

A

prepares most of proteins synthesized by Rough ER Ribosomes for send off
consists of 3-20 Saccules

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19
Q

Cisternae

A

single unit / “stack” of Golgi Complex

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20
Q

Entry (cis) Face of Cisternae

A

receives and modifies proteins received from R ER

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21
Q

Exit (trans) Face of Cisternae

A

modifies, sorts, and packages into vesicles for transport to destinations

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22
Q

Intermediate Saccules

A

stacks of Saccules in between the cis & trans faces

modify proteins to form glycoproteins, glycolipids, or lipoproteins

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23
Q

Secretory Vesicle / Membrane Vesicle / Transport Vesicle

A

Vesicles from Golgi Complex meant for:

exocytosis / insertion in plasma membrane / some other destination within the cell(ex. Lysosome)
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24
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

cell’s outer surface with selective permeability

composed of phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipid, and membrane proteins

amphipathic

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25
Q

Processing and Packaging of Proteins by Golgi Complex

A
  1. Synthesized proteins from R ER arrives in transport vesicle
  2. Transport vesicle merges with the cis face of GC and releases content into lumen
  3. Proteins move into Intermediate Saccules. Proteins are modified into glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins
  4. Moves further in depending on the needs
  5. At trans face of GC, further modified and put into specific vesicles
  6. Some leave the cell thru exocytosis; some are inserted into plasma membrane; some are transported to Lysosome
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26
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane enclosed vesicles formed from Golgi Complex that contains digestive enzymes

digests contents of endosome/phagosome/vesicles from Bulk-Phase Endocytosis

carry out Autophagy, Autolysis, extracellular digestion (sperm entering oocyte)

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27
Q

Autophagy

A

digestion of worn-out organelles

involved in cellular differentiation, growth control, tissue remodeling, environment adaptation, cell defense

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28
Q

Autophagosome

A

vesicle from ER that contains worn-out organelle during Autophagy

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29
Q

Autolysis

A

destruction of entire cell by Lysosome

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30
Q

Peroxisome

A

oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids during metabolism

contains and detoxifies harmful byproduct from metabolism (H2O2 and free radicals)

able to self-replicate

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31
Q

Proteasome

A

destroys unneeded damaged faulty cytosolic proteins into smaller peptides

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32
Q

Mitochondria

A

“powerhouse”

generates ATP thru aerobic respiration

plays important early role in Apoptosis

able to self-replicate

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33
Q

External Mitochondrial Membrane

A

Outer membrane of Mitochondria

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34
Q

Internal Mitochondrial Membrane

A

Inner layer of Mitochondria containing Mitochondrial Cristae

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35
Q

Mitochondrial Cristae

A

foldings of Internal Mitochondrial Membrane

creates increased surface are for chemical reactions of aerobic cellular respiration

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36
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

central fluid-filled cavity of Mitochondria

contains enzymes involved in aerobic cellular respiration

also contains ribosomes

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37
Q

Apoptosis

A

orderly, genetically programmed death of a cell

occurs in response to DNA damage, lack of O2 nutrients, increased number of free radicals etc.

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38
Q

Nucleus

A

controls cellular structure

directs cellular activities

produces ribosomes in Nucleoli

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39
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

lipid bilayer that separates Nucleus from Cytoplsam

40
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

pores present in nuclear envelope outlined by protein channels

controls movement between Nucleus and Cytoplasm through passive and selective active transport

41
Q

Nucleoli

A

cluster of proteins, DNA, RNA

produces ribosomes

42
Q

of Chromosomes

A

somatic: 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent)

sex:

43
Q

Chromosome

A

highly coiled and folded DNA molecule combined with proteins (ex histone)

44
Q

Nucleosome

A

single unit of combined DNA, proteins and some RNA

45
Q

Chromatin

A

chains of DNA, proteins, and some RNA

46
Q

Histones

A

group of 8 proteins packed into a ball

wrapped around with DNA (twice) to form Nucleosome

47
Q

Linker DNA

A

holds each Nucleosomes together in Chromatin

48
Q

Chromatin Fiber

A

coiled loops of chromatin

49
Q

Chromatid

A

condensed Chromatin Fibers just before cell division; replicates to make a pair

50
Q

Gene Expression

A

process of gene’s DNA being used to synthesize specific protein

transcription and translation

51
Q

Base Triplet (from DNA)

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA

52
Q

Codon (of RNA)

A

specifies a particular amino acid

transcribed from Base Triplet

53
Q

Transcription

A

occurs in Nucleus

Base Triplets in DNA serves as template for copying info into codons

3 types of RNA made are: mRNA / rRNA / tRNA

54
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA directs the synthesis of a protein; created during Transcription and utilized in Translation

55
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make more ribosomes

56
Q

tRNA

A

binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome for Translation; the amino acid reflects anticodon it has

57
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

catalyzes transcription of DNA

attaches to Promoter to start

ends at Terminator

58
Q

Introns

A

this region within a gene do not code for parts of proteins

59
Q

Exons

A

this region codes for protein segments

60
Q

pre-mRNA

A

product immediately after the Transcription; contains both introns and exons

61
Q

Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

A

removes introns from pre-mRNA to produce final product of functional mRNA

“snurps” the useless part

62
Q

Alternative Splicing of mRNA

A

process of pre-mRNA transcribed from a gene is spliced in different ways to be translated into different proteins

also final products can be chemically altered after Translation (ex. GC)

63
Q

Translation

A

mRNA binds to Ribosome to produce amino acid sequence for a protein according to mRNA’s nucleotide sequence

64
Q

P site (peptidyl)

A

bind tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

65
Q

A site (aminoacyl)

A

binds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide

66
Q

Process of Transcription

A
  1. RNA Polymerase attaches to Promoter
  2. Based on the base triplet, appropriate codons are formed on the RNA strand
  3. Ends at the special nucleotide sequence called Terminator, creating pre-mRNA
  4. snRNPs cuts off introns and splices exons together, creating functional mRNA
67
Q

Process of Translation

A
  1. mRNA molecule binds to small ribosomal subunit
  2. tRNA (initiator) binds its anticodon to the codon of mRNA
  3. Large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small subunit, creating functional ribosome
  4. The initiator tRNA fits in P site of large subunit
  5. Next tRNA with appropriate anticodon and its amino acid comes and fits into the A site
  6. Amino acid of P site moves over to A site and bonds with amino acid of A site (peptide bond)
  7. Ribosome shifts mRNA by one codon; the initiator tRNA is now in E site and is detached
  8. This goes on until a stop codon reaches A site; created protein will then detach from the final tRNA
  9. Ribosome units splits apart
68
Q

Polyribosome

A

Ribosomes attached to same mRNA for translation

69
Q

Cell Division

A

process of cell reproduction

70
Q

Somatic Cell

A

any cell of the body other than a Germ Cell

diploid (2n) cells

71
Q

Germ Cell

A

gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete

gametes are haploid (n) cells

72
Q

Somatic Cell Division

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

73
Q

Reproductive Cell Division

A

production of gametes, Meiosis

74
Q

Cell Cycle

A

orderly sequence of events in which a Somatic Cell duplicates contents and divides in two

Interphase (G1 / S / G2) and Mitotic Phase (Mitosis: PMAT and Cytokinesis)

75
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

homologs

2 chromosomes that make up each pair

contains similar genes arranged in same* order

76
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

female = X X

male = X Y

77
Q

Interphase

A

G1: cell metabolically active; duplicates organelles and cytosolic components; centrosome replication starts

S: DNA replication

G2: cell growth continues; enzymes, proteins are synthesized; centrosome replication complete

78
Q

G0 phase

A

describes cells, like most nerve cells, that were destined to remain in G1 or never divide again

79
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

results in formation of 2 identical cells

80
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division

PMAT

81
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin fibers coils up and condenses to form chromosome (consists of 2 identical chromatids)

tubulins in Pericentriolar Matrix of now 2 Centrosomes (replicated during interphase) starts to form Mitotic Spindle

Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down

82
Q

Centromere

A

central region that holds the 2 Chromatids together in Chromasome

83
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein complex that covers centromere

84
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

football shaped assembly of microtubules that attaches to Kinetochore

85
Q

Metaphase

A

Mitotic Spindle align Centromeres of Chromatid pairs at the Metaphase Plate (center)

86
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are split into 2 Chromatids (still termed chromosomes) towards each poles

87
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes stops moving and revert to Chromatin form

Nuclear Envelope forms around each Chromatin mass

Nucleoli reppaers

Mitotic Spindle breaks up

88
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of cell’s cytoplasm and organelles into 2 identical cell

89
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

indentation of plasma membrane formed during late Anaphase and completed in Telophase

a contractile ring is formed by Actin Microfilament that pulls plasma membrane inward

90
Q

Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases (Cdk’s)

A

transfers phosphate group from ATP to a protein for its activation

crucial in initiation and regulation of DNA replication, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

91
Q

Cyclin

A

responsible of switching Cdk’s on and off

level rises during G1, S, G2 to push into Mitosis and declines after Mitosis

92
Q

Necrosis

A

cell death by pathological cause

causes inflammatory response by immune system (unlike apoptosis)

93
Q

Meiosis

A

reproductive cell division occurring in gonads

divided into 2 separate stages

94
Q

Synapsis

A

pairing-off of sister chromatids during Prophase I of Meiosis I, forming Tetrad

95
Q

Crossing-Over

A

exchange between parts of two non-sister chromatids, resulting in Genetic Recombination

96
Q

Telomere

A

specific DNA sequences at tips of chromosomes

protects erosion; prevents sticking with one another

wears out with each division and may cause some loss of chromosomal material

300-F1 CPP (16 decks)

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