A&P: Skeletal System - Bone Tissue

Question 1

Functions of Bone

Answer 1

Support (structural / muscle attach)
Protect
Movement Assistance (leverage)
Mineral Homeostasis (esp Ca+2)
Blood Cell Production (@red bone marrow)
Triglyceride Storage (@yellow bone marrow)

Question 2

Parts of Long Bone

Answer 2

Articular Cartilage
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary Cavity

Question 3

Diaphysis

“growing btwn”

Answer 3

main shaft or body of the long bone

Question 4

Epiphysis

Answer 4

proximal and distal ends of long bone

Question 5

Metaphysis

Answer 5

region between epiphysis and diaphysis

epiphyseal plate -> epiph line

Question 6

Articular Cartilage

Answer 6

covers part of epiphysis

f(x) absorb shock and reduce friction @ joints

Question 7

Periosteum

Answer 7

covers bone

outer layer - dense
inner layer - osteogenic layer

blood supply included

attached to bone by Perforating Fiber (Sharpey’s Fibers)

Question 8

Perforating Fibers

Answer 8

connects periosteum and bone tissue together

aka Sharpey’s Fibers

Question 9

Medullary Cavity

Answer 9

hollow cylindrical space; contains marrow (red -> yellow)

lined with endosteum

aka marrow cavity

Question 10

Endosteum

Answer 10

single layer of osteogenic cells

lines Medullary Cavity

Question 11

Cell Types of Bone Tissues

Answer 11

osteogenic cells

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

osteocytes

Question 12

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Answer 12

unspecialized bone stem cells

cell division into osteoblasts

@ periosteum, endosteum, canals within bone

Question 13

Osteocytes

Answer 13

mature bone cells

tissue metabolism
maintain mineral concentration

turned from osteoblasts

@ lacunae

Question 14

Osteoblast

Answer 14

bone building cells

forms bone extracellular matrix for calcification turns into osteocyte

@ any growing portions (in&out)

Question 15

Osteoclast

Answer 15

bone resorption

developed from fusion of monocytes
@ Endosteum

Question 16

Haversian Canals

Answer 16

longitudinal canals

surrounded by concentric Lamellae

Question 17

Haversian Systems

Answer 17

arrangements of concentric lamellae
aka Osteons

Question 18

Lamellae

Answer 18

plates of mineralized extracellular matrix

Question 19

Lacunae
“lake”

Answer 19

spaces where osteocytes are located

Question 20

Perforating Canal

Answer 20

transverse canal that connects periosteum level into haversian canal

Periosteal Arteries and nerves

aka Volkmann’s Canal

Question 21

Trabeculae

Answer 21

irregular lattice pattern

makes it look spongy

Question 22

Nutrient Canal

Answer 22

Nutrient Arteries at oblique angle
leads from Nutrient Foramen, into Medullary Cavity

Question 23

Compact Bone

Answer 23

consists of Osteons

over spongy bone

strongest form

Question 24

Spongy Bone

Answer 24

consists of trabeculae

forms most of short, flat, irregular bone and epiphyses

resistance along the line of stress

Question 25

Ossification

Answer 25

process of bone tissue forming aka osteogenesis

Question 26

2 Types of Embryonic Formation

Answer 26

Endochondral Ossification and Intramembranous Ossification

Question 27

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 27

bone replaces hyaline cartilage 1. cartialge model develops (mesenchymal cells -> chondroblast -> cartilage model) 2. cartilage model grows thru cell division @ shaft 3. primary ossification center forms @ shaft 4. development of medullary cavity by osteoclast 5. secondary ossification center forms @ ends of bone 6. articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate forms ex) long bones

Question 28

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 28

bone replaces mesenchyme 1. osteoblasts secrete organic extracelluar matrix 2. calcification (osteoblasts -> osteocyte) 3. formation of spongy bone trabeculae (working around blood vessels) 4. development of periosteum (mesenchyme at periphery of the bone) ex) flat bones

Question 29

Interstitial Growth of Bone

Answer 29

growth in length epiphyseal plate -> epiphyseal line

Question 30

Appositional Growth of Bone

Answer 30

growth in thickness

Question 31

Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Remodeling

Answer 31

minerals, vitamins, hormones, stress endured

Question 32

Pott's Fracture

Answer 32

Fx of distal end of fibula w/ serious injury to distal tibial articulation

Question 33

Colles' Fracture

Answer 33

Fx of distal end of radius; FOOSH

Question 34

Bone Repair Process

Answer 34

1. Reactive Phase - hematoma formation 2. Reparative Phase - fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. Reparative Phase - bony callus formation (spongy bone) 4. Bone remodeling - peripheral spongy bone -> compact bone

Question 35

Roel of Ca2+

Answer 35

blood clotting nerve/muscle cells function cofactor for enzymatic processes

Question 36

When Ca2+ goes down…

Answer 36

1. parathyroid gland detects 2. cAMP⬆️ 3. PTH⬆️ 4. Osteoclasts bone resorption ⬆️ Kidneys loss of Ca2+ ⬇️ Calcitriol (vitamin D) ⬆️ Ca2+⬆️

Question 37

When Ca2+ goes up…

Answer 37

1. thyroid gland detects 2. parafollicular cells secrete Calcitonin 3. osteoclasts activity ⬇️ osteoblast activity ⬆️ Ca2+ deposition ⬆️ Ca2+ lowers in bloodstream