A&P: Genitals Systems Flashcards
Gonads
reproductive organs
male: testes
female: ovaries
Gametes
reproductive cells
male: sperm
female: secondary oocyte
Accessory Sex Glands [M]
f(x) and names
produce substances for gamete motility and protection
Seminal Vesicles / Prostate / Bulbourethral Glands
System of Ducts
f(x) and structures
transport and store sperm, assists in maturation, conveys them to the exterior
Epididymis, Ductus (vas) Deferens, Ejaculatory Ducts, Urethra
Supporting Structures [M]
Scrotum: supports testes
Penis: delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
Raphe
external median ridge of scrotum
Scrotal Septum
divides scrotum into two sacs
Dartos Muscle
muscle inside scrotum responsible for shrivel of scrotum to prevent heat loss
Cremaster
muscles in each side of scrotum that contracts testes closer to body to absorb heat
Tunica Vaginalis
serous membrane partially covering testes
has visceral and parietal layers
Tunica Albuginea
layer within testes that forms septa to form lobules
Ducts of testis
order of sperm movement
seminiferous tubules -> straight tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ducts in epididymis -> ductus epididymis
Seminiferous Tubules
tubules where spermatogenesis takes place
1-3 per lobule
what two types of cells are contained in seminiferous tubules?
Spermatogenic cells / Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells or nurse cells)
Epididymis
site of sperm maturation (14-day process) where sperm acquire motility and ability to fertilize
consists of tightly coiled ductus epididymis
What structure in epididymis rebsorbs degenerated sperm?
Sterocilia, composed of long microvilli, located in free surfaces of pseudo-stratified columnar cells
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
thru peristaltic contractions, moves sperm towards back of urinary bladder; loops over the ureter and down to posterior surface of urinary bladder
starts from duct of epididymis; ends at ampulla of ductus deferens
Spermatic Cord
out of scrotum
contains ductus deferens, testicular arteries and veins, autunomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle
Ejaculatory Ducts
single duct formed by seminal vesicle duct and ampulla of ductus deferens and ends at prostate urethra
Urethra
terminal duct of reproductive and urinary system
subdivided into prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile) urethra
Seminal Vesicles
secretes alkaline fluid for sperm protection
contains fructose for sperm’s ATP production
clotting proteins included to ensure sperm doesn’t leak out from vagina
contents make up ~60% of semen volume
Prostate
secretes milky fluid
slightly acidic fluid for sperm’s ATP production
enzymes to counter seminal fluid’s clotting proteins
antibiotic inlcuded
makes up ~25% of semen volume and contribute to sperm motility and viability
Bulbourethral Glands
secretes alkaline fluid directly into spongy urethra to protect sperm from acidic environment
Semen
mixture of sperm and other fluids
slightly alkaline (pH 7.2-7.7)
Penis
contains spongy urethra, root (bulb and crus), body (corpora cavernosa penis x2 and corpus spongiosum penis)
Prepuce
foreskin
how does erection occur?
release of NO from parasymp fibers -> relaxation of smooth msucle -> increase arteriole flow in corpora cavernosa penis (which decreases venous blood flow)
Ejaculation process
sympathetic reflex -> smooth muscle sphincter at base of urinary bladder closes -> contraction of penis musculature -> release
Spermatogenesis
production of haploid sperm by seminiferous tubules
takes 65-75 days
Process of Spermatogenesis
Mitosis of spermatogonia (2n)
Differentiation into primary spermatocyte (2n)
Meisosis I into 2 secondary spermatocyte (n)
Meiosis II into 4 Spermatids (n) (w/o cytokinesis)
Spermiogenesis, maturation into 4 individual sperm
Spermiation, entering lumen of seminiferous tubule
Sustentacular Cells / Sertoli / Nurse Cells
support cells with tight junctions to form blood-testis barrier
functions:
nourish, phagocytize, control movements, produce fluid, secrete inhibin, regulate effects of testosterone and FSH, protect from immune response
Leydig (interstitial) Cells
located out of seminiferous tubules, secreting testosterone (form of androgen)
Spermiogenesis
spermatids into sperm
acrosome and flagella form
mitochondria multiply
nurse cell dispose excess cytoplasm
Spermiation
sperm release from connection to nurse cell
sperm not able to swim yet
Acrosome
at tip of sperm, has oocyte penetrating enzymes
neck
contains centrioles forming microtubules that forms rest of tail
middle
contains mitochondria
Ovaries
produces secondary oocytes
secretes progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, relaxin
Ovarian Epithelium
covers surface of ovary
Tunica Albuginea
white capsule of dense irregular connective tissue in ovary
Ovarian Cortex
outer portion
contains ovarian follicles and stromal cells
Ovarian Medulla
contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
transport route for secondary oocytes/fertilized ova ovaries to uterus
where sperm reach ovum
Infundibulum
contains fimbraie to sweep secondary oocyte in from ovaries
btwn ovaries and fallopian tube
Ampulla of fallopian tube
widest longest portion
Isthmus of fallopian tube
joins uterus to fallopian tube
Uterus
site of implantation of fertilized ovum, fetus development, labor
source of menstrual flow
Layers of Uterine
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Endometrium
innermost layer of uterine
Stratum Functionalis
Stratum Basalis
Straight Arterioles
supplies stratum basalis
