A&P: Genitals Systems

Question 1

Gonads

Answer 1

reproductive organs

male: testes
female: ovaries

Question 2

Gametes

Answer 2

reproductive cells

male: sperm
female: secondary oocyte

Question 3

Accessory Sex Glands [M]
f(x) and names

Answer 3

produce substances for gamete motility and protection

Seminal Vesicles / Prostate / Bulbourethral Glands

Question 4

System of Ducts
f(x) and structures

Answer 4

transport and store sperm, assists in maturation, conveys them to the exterior

Epididymis, Ductus (vas) Deferens, Ejaculatory Ducts, Urethra

Question 5

Supporting Structures [M]

Answer 5

Scrotum: supports testes

Penis: delivers sperm into female reproductive tract

Question 6

Raphe

Answer 6

external median ridge of scrotum

Question 7

Scrotal Septum

Answer 7

divides scrotum into two sacs

Question 8

Dartos Muscle

Answer 8

muscle inside scrotum responsible for shrivel of scrotum to prevent heat loss

Question 9

Cremaster

Answer 9

muscles in each side of scrotum that contracts testes closer to body to absorb heat

Question 10

Tunica Vaginalis

Answer 10

serous membrane partially covering testes

has visceral and parietal layers

Question 11

Tunica Albuginea

Answer 11

layer within testes that forms septa to form lobules

Question 12

Ducts of testis
order of sperm movement

Answer 12

seminiferous tubules -> straight tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ducts in epididymis -> ductus epididymis

Question 13

Seminiferous Tubules

Answer 13

tubules where spermatogenesis takes place

1-3 per lobule

Question 14

what two types of cells are contained in seminiferous tubules?

Answer 14

Spermatogenic cells / Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells or nurse cells)

Question 15

Epididymis

Answer 15

site of sperm maturation (14-day process) where sperm acquire motility and ability to fertilize
consists of tightly coiled ductus epididymis

Question 16

What structure in epididymis rebsorbs degenerated sperm?

Answer 16

Sterocilia, composed of long microvilli, located in free surfaces of pseudo-stratified columnar cells

Question 17

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

Answer 17

thru peristaltic contractions, moves sperm towards back of urinary bladder; loops over the ureter and down to posterior surface of urinary bladder

starts from duct of epididymis; ends at ampulla of ductus deferens

Question 18

Spermatic Cord

Answer 18

out of scrotum

contains ductus deferens, testicular arteries and veins, autunomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle

Question 19

Ejaculatory Ducts

Answer 19

single duct formed by seminal vesicle duct and ampulla of ductus deferens and ends at prostate urethra

Question 20

Urethra

Answer 20

terminal duct of reproductive and urinary system

subdivided into prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile) urethra

Question 21

Seminal Vesicles

Answer 21

secretes alkaline fluid for sperm protection

contains fructose for sperm’s ATP production

clotting proteins included to ensure sperm doesn’t leak out from vagina

contents make up ~60% of semen volume

Question 22

Prostate

Answer 22

secretes milky fluid

slightly acidic fluid for sperm’s ATP production

enzymes to counter seminal fluid’s clotting proteins

antibiotic inlcuded

makes up ~25% of semen volume and contribute to sperm motility and viability

Question 23

Bulbourethral Glands

Answer 23

secretes alkaline fluid directly into spongy urethra to protect sperm from acidic environment

Question 24

Semen

Answer 24

mixture of sperm and other fluids

slightly alkaline (pH 7.2-7.7)

Question 25

Penis

Answer 25

contains spongy urethra, root (bulb and crus), body (corpora cavernosa penis x2 and corpus spongiosum penis)

Question 26

Prepuce

Answer 26

foreskin

Question 27

how does erection occur?

Answer 27

release of NO from parasymp fibers -> relaxation of smooth msucle -> increase arteriole flow in corpora cavernosa penis (which decreases venous blood flow)

Question 28

Ejaculation process

Answer 28

sympathetic reflex -> smooth muscle sphincter at base of urinary bladder closes -> contraction of penis musculature -> release

Question 29

Spermatogenesis

Answer 29

production of haploid sperm by seminiferous tubules takes 65-75 days

Question 30

Process of Spermatogenesis

Answer 30

Mitosis of spermatogonia (2n) Differentiation into primary spermatocyte (2n) Meisosis I into 2 secondary spermatocyte (n) Meiosis II into 4 Spermatids (n) (w/o cytokinesis) Spermiogenesis, maturation into 4 individual sperm Spermiation, entering lumen of seminiferous tubule

Question 31

Sustentacular Cells / Sertoli / Nurse Cells

Answer 31

support cells with tight junctions to form blood-testis barrier functions: nourish, phagocytize, control movements, produce fluid, secrete inhibin, regulate effects of testosterone and FSH, protect from immune response

Question 32

Leydig (interstitial) Cells

Answer 32

located out of seminiferous tubules, secreting testosterone (form of androgen)

Question 33

Spermiogenesis

Answer 33

spermatids into sperm acrosome and flagella form mitochondria multiply nurse cell dispose excess cytoplasm

Question 34

Spermiation

Answer 34

sperm release from connection to nurse cell sperm not able to swim yet

Question 35

Acrosome

Answer 35

at tip of sperm, has oocyte penetrating enzymes

Question 36

neck

Answer 36

contains centrioles forming microtubules that forms rest of tail

Question 37

middle

Answer 37

contains mitochondria

Question 38

Ovaries

Answer 38

produces secondary oocytes secretes progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, relaxin

Question 39

Ovarian Epithelium

Answer 39

covers surface of ovary

Question 40

Tunica Albuginea

Answer 40

white capsule of dense irregular connective tissue in ovary

Question 41

Ovarian Cortex

Answer 41

outer portion contains ovarian follicles and stromal cells

Question 42

Ovarian Medulla

Answer 42

contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

Question 43

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

Answer 43

transport route for secondary oocytes/fertilized ova ovaries to uterus where sperm reach ovum

Question 44

Infundibulum

Answer 44

contains fimbraie to sweep secondary oocyte in from ovaries btwn ovaries and fallopian tube

Question 45

Ampulla of fallopian tube

Answer 45

widest longest portion

Question 46

Isthmus of fallopian tube

Answer 46

joins uterus to fallopian tube

Question 47

Uterus

Answer 47

site of implantation of fertilized ovum, fetus development, labor source of menstrual flow

Question 48

Layers of Uterine

Answer 48

Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium

Question 49

Endometrium

Answer 49

innermost layer of uterine Stratum Functionalis Stratum Basalis

Question 50

Straight Arterioles

Answer 50

supplies stratum basalis