after ww2 Flashcards
espionage
western countries were unsure about their _______ alliance
Soviet
espionage
which promises did Stalin break?
all the promises made at Yalta, Ukraine in February 1945
espionage
what did western countries gather information about?
their “ally”
espionage
what type of secret intelligence was gathered?
government production, military productivity, capability, movements
espionage
who needed espionage?
essential for all countries involved in the Cold War
Gouzenko Affair
who was Igor Gouzenko?
worked in Ottawa for Soviet military intelligence
Gouzenko Affair
what did Gouzenko reveal?
a Soviet spy network operating in Canada, Britain, US
Gouzenko Affair
what did Gouzenko claim Soviets were doing?
developing a network for ww3
Gouzenko Affair
what helped prove Gouzenko’s claims?
he had smuggled 100 documents out of Soviet Embassy
Gouzenko Affair
what did Gouzenko testify about Canadian spies?
they had been giving nuclear weaponry information to Soviets
Gouzenko Affair
what did the Gouzenko Affair lead to and what did the government use to justify it?
arrest of several Canadians; government used War Measures Act to detain and question without charge
Gouzenko Affair
how many people were eventually charged?
20
Gouzenko Affair
what was the result of the Gouzenko Affair?
put immediate end to plans for the UN to control nuclear arms
Gouzenko Affair
what would the US build in retaliation?
arsenal of nuclear weapons for defense
Gouzenko Affair
what did the affair lead to?
suspicion and paranoia
Gouzenko Affair
who was a suspect?
anyone connected with communism/ socialist leanings
Arms Race
what did the Soviet Union announce on September 23, 1949?
that it had detonated its first atomic bomb 2 months ago
Arms Race
what did western governments do in defence from the Soviets?
western governments stockpiled nuclear weapons
Arms Race
why wouldn’t countries attack each other?
in fear of MAD
Arms Race
what was MAD?
mutually assured destruction
NATO
what was NATO?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO
which countries considered an alliance in the fall of 1948 and why?
US, Canada, other European countries to prevent further Soviet expansion
NATO
what did Canada push for the agreement to do?
not only protect members from communist attack but also bind in peaceful coexistence
NATO
what was the Canada clause?
maintain peace through economic relationship
NATO
when was the agreement effective?
August 24, 1949
Warsaw Pact
what did NATO vote for in 1954?
NATO voted to allow west Germany to join alliance, and rearm
Warsaw Pact
what did the Soviets do in response to NATO?
created alliance to mirror NATO
Warsaw Pact
what happened in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland?
Soviet Union and 7 European countries met in Warsaw, Poland, to sign Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact
what could members of the Pact not do?
could not withdraw from Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact
what did members of the Pact agree to do?
aid any member under attack
UN Charter
who discussed the Charter on August 14, 1941?
Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill
UN Charter
what was the plan for the UN Charter?
for international cooperation; would end war
UN Charter
6 months later, 26 Allied nations signed that they would not ______________________________ and to not ______________________________
break ranks to negotiate peace with Axis Powers / increase territory at expense of enemy
UN Charter
who met in San Francisco June 1945 and why?
delegates from 50 countries (representing 80% of the world’s population) to create United Nations
UN Charter
what did the United Nations aim for?
just and peace
Korean War
who ruled Korea?
had been ruled by Japan- Japanese empire collapsed after the war; Soviet Union occupied North Korea and made it communist
Korean War
what did North Korea want to invade in 1950 but what was the issue?
South Korea which was occupied by the US
Korean War
when did North Korea attack and when did they drive down South Koreans by?
June 25, 1950 / by September
Korean War
what did the Soviets do when they did not want to fight the US?
armed North Korean army to take South Korea
Korean War
what is a proxy war?
a war fought by one country but for and in the interest in another
Korean War
what did Harry Truman do in reaction to the North Korean expansion and why?
Soviets were not directly involved in the invasion but Harry Truman saw this as Soviet expansion; called on UN Security Council to intervene
Korean War
what did the UN force give to to South Korea?
“rendered every assistance”
Korean War
what did Lester B Pearson contribute and why?
sent Canadian aid to South Korea- with the belief that the UN helped weaker states defend themselves
Korean War
who led the UN attack, how long did it take, and what was the move after recapturing Seoul?
American general Douglas MacArthur led UN attack and recaptured Seoul in 2 months, then continued north
Korean War
what would China not tolerate?
Americans at its border
Korean War
what was the result of China’s intolerance of Americans?
UN was soon fighting Chinese troops at border and in 2 months were driven out of North Korea
Korean War
what happened to Seoul?
ended up in communist control again
Korean War
how did the UN retake Seoul?
stopped northern forces
Korean War
how many Canadians were killed and wounded?
516 / 1000
Korean War
when was the armistice reached?
July 27, 1953
Korean War
what happened to Korean borders after the war?
remained mostly unchanged
AVRO Arrow
what was Canada’s reaction to concern about Soviet attack?
Canada spends most money on military and defense for 15 years
AVRO Arrow
what was developed in 1953?
new aircraft for Royal Canadian Air Force
AVRO Arrow
which company would build the Arrow (CF-105)?
the AV Roe Canada
AVRO Arrow
what was debuted on October 4, 1957 and what was it overshadowed by?
the presentation of the Arrow to the public and press was overshadowed by launch of Soviet Union’s Sputnik I
AVRO Arrow
what was the Sputnik I?
first artificial satellite to be put into orbit around Earth
AVRO Arrow
what did western scientists believe about satellite technology?
could lead to unmanned ballistic missiles
AVRO Arrow
when was the Arrow program shut down?
February 20, 1959
AVRO Arrow
how many employees were laid off?
more than 15 000
AVRO Arrow
which jets did Canada eventually settle for?
US- bought Voodoo fighter jets
Pugwash Movement
who was Bertrand Russell?
British mathematician, Nobel Prize winner, philosopher, social critic
Pugwash Movement
what conference did Canadian philanthropist Cyrus Eaton hosted in Pugwash, Nova Scotia?
the Conference on Science and World Affairs
Pugwash Movement
what did a group of well known and respected scientists and authors including Russell and Einstein publish in 1955?
“Notice to the World” manifesto
Pugwash Movement
what was the “Notice to the World” manifesto?
campaign for nuclear disarmament
Pugwash Movement
what conference did Russell organize in 1957?
a conference of scientists and public figures interested in reducing the risk of armed conflict
Pugwash Movement
when did the Pugwash Organization earn a Nobel Peace Prize?
in 1995
UN Declaration of Human Rights
what did John Peters Humphrey set up in 1946?
UN Division of Human Rights
UN Declaration of Human Rights
when did the General Assembly adopted the declaration after fine tuning?
December 10, 1948
UN Declaration of Human Rights
list rights of the Declaration
right to life and liberty
right to freedom of movement, thought, religion
freedom from slavery, torture, imprisonment without charge
right to education, to a fair trial, to equal pay for work of equal value
right to work, to join a union, to rest
right to a nationality
UN Declaration of Human Rights
“all human beings are born __________ in ___________”
free and equal / dignity and rights
UN Declaration of Human Rights
regardless of _______________________
race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status
