Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

00NCLEX > Adult Renal/Electrolytes > Flashcards

Adult Renal/Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Urolithiasis

A

presence of calculi (stones) in the urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A
  • kidney stones
  • CVA tenderness and flank pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ureterolithiasis

A

stones in the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptoms of renal calculi

A
  • hematuria
  • renal colic (unilateral pain spasms in flank)
  • severe radiating pain
  • nausea/vomiting/sweating
  • hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Renal failure causes _____volemia

A
  • hypervolemia
  • If the kidneys are failing, they are not effectively making urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A
  • inability to expel carbon dioxide
  • airway obstruction
  • decreased ventilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SIADH

A
  • can lead to hyponatremia
  • hemodilution
  • increased urine gravity
  • too much ADH
    • ADH causes water retention, too much water is retained
  • no peripheral edema
    • bc fluid retained across all areas
  • blood pressure is mostly normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SIADH care

A
  • monitor for changes in mental status and level of consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A
  • breakdown of muscle
    • releases contents into bloodstream
  • diagnose through serum creatine kinase levels
  • give IV fluids to prevent kidney damage
  • give statins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • similar to cystitis and fever
  • tachycardia
  • flank pain
  • Treatment is antibiotics and hydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes

A
  • prerenal (not kidney related) causes
    • hypovolemia/dehydration! (most common)
    • sepsis
    • shock
    • burns
      Intrarenal/intrinsic (inside kidney) causes
    • allergy
    • embolism/thrombosis
    • nephrotoxic agents
  • postrenal causes
    • urine flow obstruction
    • stones, strictures (abnormal narrowing)
    • tumor
  • hypotension = decreased blood flow to kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acute kidney injury (AKI) findings

A
  • risk for hyperkalemia
    • metabolic acidosis
    • reduce sodium and potassium
  • oliguria
    • treatment is IV fluid challenges
      • daily weights
  • MONITOR CREATINE TO SEE EVIDENCE OF KIDNEY INJURY
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chronic kidney disease

A
  • causes hyperphosphatemia
    • give Sevelamer
  • decreases testosterone (hypogonadism)
  • lowers hormones
  • fatigue and decreased sex drive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bacterial cystitis

A
  • bladder infection
  • E coli
  • Treatment is antibiotics
  • hydration
  • avoiding caffeine and alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A
  • fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys
  • abdominal or flank pain
  • hypertension
  • early
    • lose lots of salt so may need to increase salt intake
  • advanced
    • low sodium diet
  • constipation = increase fiber for relief
  • hematuria
  • berry aneurysm
    • can cause hemorrhagic stroke
  • only cure is kidney transplant
    • dry heat for pain relief
  • avoid NSAIDS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS)

A
  • caused by rapid removal of urea
  • headache and nausea is a concern!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A
  • Low hemoglobin levels
  • diet low in everything + fluid restrictions
    • applesauce is low in potassium
  • causes azotemia (nitrogen/creatine/waste buildup in blood)
    • causes asterixis (hand flopping)
  • testicles atrophy
  • ANURIA is EXPECTED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A
  • mirror hypocalcemia
  • numbness/tingling
  • tetany
  • carpopedal spasms (Trousseau’s sign)
  • Chvostek’s sign
  • muscle/abdominal cramps
  • prolonged QT intervals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prostatic hyperplasia

A
  • weak urinary stream
  • nocturia
  • dribbling in underwear
  • difficulty starting stream
  • progressively worse over 4 years
  • leads to kidney damage
  • give Finasteride
  • avoid caffeine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TURP

A
  • procedure for prostatic hypertrophy or prostate cancer
  • may cause sexual dysfunction
    • retrograde ejaculation
  • large lumen urinary catheter is placed
  • significant complication is HEMORRHAGE
    • MONITOR FOR SHOCK
    • tachycardia
    • restlessness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A
  • alcoholism
  • diarrhea
  • diuretics
  • annorexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia

A
  • renal failure
  • antacids
  • lithium therapy
  • adrenal insufficiency
  • hypothyroidism
23
Q

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A
  • pregnancy complication
  • nausea, vomiting, weight loss
  • vomiting puts risk for hypokalemia
  • hypokalemia associated with metabolic alkalosis due to vomiting
24
Q

renal failure will be at risk for _____kalemia

A

hyperkalemia

25
Q

renal failure hemodialysis dietary modifications

A
  • low sodium, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium
  • blueberries, cream of wheat, coffee is good
26
Q

uremia

A
  • buildup of waste products as a result of untreated kidney failure
  • waste products from protein breakdown
  • protein restriction helps
27
Q

Ulcerative colitis flare-ups

A
  • ten or more episodes of diarrhea per day
  • loses a large volume of fluid, resulting in deficient fluid volume
28
Q

Cranberry juice

A

used for UTI prevention, not UTI treatment

29
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis s/s

A
  • proteinuria
  • hematuria
  • periorbital edema
  • oliguria –> hypervolemia –> weight gain
    • cola/tea-colored urine
  • adverse effect
    • severe hypertension
      • cause’s encephalopathy
      • severe headache = monitor BP
  • decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
30
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) diagnosis

A
  • Renal insufficiency is the hallmark of AGN
  • ↑ BUN and ↑ creatinine.
31
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A
  • monitor mental status/fall risk
  • increased serum ammonia level
    • give lactulose (depletes ammonia)
    • give Rifaximin (decrease production of ammonia)
  • DO NOT give benzodiazepines
  • avoid hypokalemia as is contributes to ammonia production
32
Q

Dumping syndrome

A
  • complication after gastric bypass surgery
  • rapid emptying of food into the small bowel
  • resulting in hypotension
  • abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea
  • tachycardia
  • risk of hypoglycemia.
33
Q

Dumping Syndrome care

A
  • avoid simple carbohydrates (refined sugars)
    • foods include candy, cookies, pastries, cola
  • increase protein and complex carbohydrates
    • rice cereal, chicken breast, scrambled eggs, potatoes, whole grain, pasta
    • gives body time to absorb before dumping
  • lay down after meals
  • avoid fluids with meals
34
Q

High BUN indicates

A
  • dehydration
  • kidney damage
35
Q

Kidney biopsy

A
  • diagnosis idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
  • lay supine following procedure
    • may give back roll for support
36
Q

Urine amount

A

0.5 mL/kg/hr

37
Q

Diabetes type 1 vs 2

A

DOES NOT FEATURE HYPERTENSION

  • type 1
    • DKA
      • ketones in urine
  • type 2
    • caused by overweight
    • hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state (HHS)
      • THINK SEVERE DEHYDRATION
      • FLUID REHYDRATION!!
38
Q

Albumin

A
  • protein
  • low in inadequate nutrition
  • made in liver
39
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A
  • severely low calcium/magnesium
  • palmar flexion
    • hand flexes up when inflating BP cuff
40
Q

Chvostek Sign

A
  • severely low calcium/magnesium
  • tapping check to trigger facial twitching
41
Q

Calcium

A
  • role in blood clotting
  • formation of teeth and bones
  • nerve impulse
  • muscle contractions
42
Q

Sodium

A
  • manages blood volume
  • nerve impulses
43
Q

Chloride

A
  • acid-base regualtion (and bicarb)
  • extracellular fluid balance
44
Q

Fluids for hypernatremia

A
  • hypotonic fluids
    • Dextrose 5% (D5W)
    • lowers sodium
    • monitor for hyponatremia
  • NOT LR
45
Q

Hypokalemia

A
  • hypoactive bowel sounds
  • muscle cramping
  • weakness
  • flattened T-waves
  • DO NOT give IV potassium if oliguric
46
Q

Pyelogram

A
  • IV urography
  • urinary tract imaging
  • must clense bowl the night before
  • empty bladder
  • no catheter used
47
Q

Prostatic hyperplasia risk factors

A
  • 40+ years old
  • obesity
  • diabetes type 2
48
Q

Wernicke Encephalopathy

A
  • thiamine (B1) deficiency
  • changes in mental status
    • confusion
  • oculomotor dysfunctions
    • opthalmoplegia (eye paralysis)
    • nystagmus
  • unstable gait = ataxia
  • nutritional deficiency
49
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy causes

A
  • chronic alcoholism
  • hyperemesis in pregnancy
  • bariatric surgery
  • anorexia
50
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy treatment

A

-IMMEDIATE
- glucose with thiamine (B1)
- helps prevent Korsakoff syndrome (chronic B1 deficiency)
- if given without thiamine is can worsen the condition

51
Q

FAST algorithm

A
  • face, arm, speech, time
  • identifies stroke
52
Q

Foods for dehydration

A
  • promotes hydration
    • fruits and vegetables
    • melon/honeydew
    • cucumber
    • strawberries
    • tomatoes
  • AVOID SUGAR
    • cola
    • ice cream
  • avoid caffeine, sodium
53
Q

Hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state (HHS)

A
  • diabetes type 2
  • THINK SEVERE DEHYDRATION
    • FLUID REHYDRATION!!
      • 1000 mL per hour
      • don’t correct to quick, especially if client has history of heart failure
  • check glucose every 2 hours

00NCLEX (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions