Adult Hematology/Oncology Flashcards
1
Q
DIC
A
- abnormal clotting
- depletes clotting factors and platelets
- extensive bleeding from many sites
- emergency
2
Q
DIC caused by
A
- eclampsia
- gram-negative sepsis
- cancer
3
Q
DIC results in
A
- stroke like symptoms
- ischemia = reduced blood flow
- pain
- dyspnea
- tachycardia
- reduced kidney function
- bowel necrosis
4
Q
DIC treatment
A
- red blood cells + plasma transfusions
- Heparin
5
Q
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)
A
- rapid destricton of tumor cells
- by-products release into blood faster than body can remove
- causes
- hyperkalemia
- hyperphosphatemia
- hyperuricemia
- hypocalcemia
- CAN CAUSE ACUTE KIDNEY INURY (AKI)
- MONITOR CREATINE
6
Q
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) care
A
- three to five liters of water daily
- allopurinol (decrease uric acid)
- may lead to dangerously high potassium levels and an acute kidney injury
- MONITOR CREATINE
- SHOWS EVIDENCE OF KIDNEY FUNCTION
- MONITOR CREATINE
7
Q
D-dimer
A
- protein fragment obtained after clot breakdown
- elevated in
- pulmonary embolism!!!!
- DVT (not accurate)
- DIC
8
Q
Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
A
- used to assess vascular status of lower extremities
- determines distal arterial blood flow
9
Q
Venous duplex ultrasonography
A
- diagnose DVT
10
Q
Transillumination device
A
- helps locate vein if dark-skinned or obese
11
Q
Doppler
A
- auscultate pulses
12
Q
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
A
- vascular acces device
- bruising is common
- blood cultures (d/t risk of infection)
- isotonic fluids
- antibiotics
- infection (top priority)
13
Q
Colorectal cancer
A
- Positive factors
- excercise
- fiber
- screening at 45
- Risk factors
- over 50 years old
- African American
- HPV (vaccine recommened)
- ulcerative colitis
- low fiber
- family history
- smoking/drinking
- overweight
14
Q
Ruptured/rupturing abdominal aortic aneursym
A
- tight blood pressure control is essential!
- give beta blocker to control BP
- atenolol
- monitor vital sigs
- give pain med
15
Q
Sickle cell
A
- high risk for stroke (CVA)
- headaches may indicate stroke
- place in semi-fowlers
- extremities straightened
16
Q
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
A
- risk for hyponatremia
- worst headache of my life
- LOC
- photophobia
- nauesea/vomitig
- stiff neck
- Kernig sign
17
Q
PET scan
A
- used to detect cancer and response to treatment
- NPO 4-6 hours prior
- must have glucose levels 60-150
18
Q
External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
A
no limitation in their ambulation
19
Q
Wedge resection
A
- small, localized portion of lung is removed near the surface
20
Q
Cervical cancer
A
- diagnose through PAP smear
- mean age is 50
- peak age is 60-64
- dyspareunia
- painful intercourse
- urination and menstrual irregularities
- no affect in urination or fertility
- not cyclical like endometriosis
21
Q
Endometrial biopsy
A
- tests for endometrial cancer
22
Q
Pelvic exam
A
- tests for ovarian cancer
- bimanual
- press on abdomen
23
Q
Kaposi’s sarcome (KS)
A
- cancer that grows in blood vessel lining
- caused by oppurtunistic infection
- Human Herpes Virus (HHV-8)
24
Q
Transfusion of plasma
A
- INR will decrease
- aPTT labs not needed
- hematocrit not needed
- provides clot factors
- ensure ABO compatibility
25
Q
Transfusion of platelets
A
- ABO compatibility not required
26
Q
Prostate cancer risk factors
A
- African American
- over age of 40
- diet high in animal fat
- red meat
27
Q
Kernig sign
A
- subarachnoid hermitage
- bacterial meningitis
- supine, hip flexed 90 degrees
- pull on neck
- positive if pain occurs upon extension of knee
28
Q
Breast cancer risk factors
A
- high BMI/obesity
- early menarche/post-menopause
- 50+ years old
- white
- family history
- NULLIPARITY
- not known why
- smoking and alcohol
- high estrogen levels
29
Q
Multiple myeloma
A
- bone pain
- shortness of breath
- weakness
- C.R.A.B
- Calcium —> hign
- Renal (kidney) problems
- Anemia (low RBC)
- Bones —> weak, fractures
