Adult Hematology/Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

DIC

A
  • abnormal clotting
  • depletes clotting factors and platelets
  • extensive bleeding from many sites
  • emergency
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2
Q

DIC caused by

A
  • eclampsia
  • gram-negative sepsis
  • cancer
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3
Q

DIC results in

A
  • stroke like symptoms
  • ischemia = reduced blood flow
  • pain
  • dyspnea
  • tachycardia
  • reduced kidney function
  • bowel necrosis
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4
Q

DIC treatment

A
  • red blood cells + plasma transfusions
  • Heparin
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5
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)

A
  • rapid destricton of tumor cells
    • by-products release into blood faster than body can remove
  • causes
    • hyperkalemia
    • hyperphosphatemia
    • hyperuricemia
    • hypocalcemia
  • CAN CAUSE ACUTE KIDNEY INURY (AKI)
    • MONITOR CREATINE
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6
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) care

A
  • three to five liters of water daily
  • allopurinol (decrease uric acid)
  • may lead to dangerously high potassium levels and an acute kidney injury
    • MONITOR CREATINE
      • SHOWS EVIDENCE OF KIDNEY FUNCTION
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7
Q

D-dimer

A
  • protein fragment obtained after clot breakdown
  • elevated in
    • pulmonary embolism!!!!
    • DVT (not accurate)
    • DIC
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8
Q

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

A
  • used to assess vascular status of lower extremities
  • determines distal arterial blood flow
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9
Q

Venous duplex ultrasonography

A
  • diagnose DVT
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10
Q

Transillumination device

A
  • helps locate vein if dark-skinned or obese
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11
Q

Doppler

A
  • auscultate pulses
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12
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

A
  • vascular acces device
  • bruising is common
  • blood cultures (d/t risk of infection)
  • isotonic fluids
  • antibiotics
  • infection (top priority)
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13
Q

Colorectal cancer

A
  • Positive factors
    • excercise
    • fiber
    • screening at 45
  • Risk factors
    • over 50 years old
    • African American
    • HPV (vaccine recommened)
    • ulcerative colitis
    • low fiber
    • family history
    • smoking/drinking
    • overweight
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14
Q

Ruptured/rupturing abdominal aortic aneursym

A
  • tight blood pressure control is essential!
  • give beta blocker to control BP
    • atenolol
  • monitor vital sigs
  • give pain med
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15
Q

Sickle cell

A
  • high risk for stroke (CVA)
    • headaches may indicate stroke
  • place in semi-fowlers
  • extremities straightened
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16
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

A
  • risk for hyponatremia
  • worst headache of my life
  • LOC
  • photophobia
  • nauesea/vomitig
  • stiff neck
  • Kernig sign
17
Q

PET scan

A
  • used to detect cancer and response to treatment
  • NPO 4-6 hours prior
  • must have glucose levels 60-150
18
Q

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)

A

no limitation in their ambulation

19
Q

Wedge resection

A
  • small, localized portion of lung is removed near the surface
20
Q

Cervical cancer

A
  • diagnose through PAP smear
  • mean age is 50
    • peak age is 60-64
  • dyspareunia
    • painful intercourse
  • urination and menstrual irregularities
  • no affect in urination or fertility
  • not cyclical like endometriosis
21
Q

Endometrial biopsy

A
  • tests for endometrial cancer
22
Q

Pelvic exam

A
  • tests for ovarian cancer
  • bimanual
  • press on abdomen
23
Q

Kaposi’s sarcome (KS)

A
  • cancer that grows in blood vessel lining
  • caused by oppurtunistic infection
    • Human Herpes Virus (HHV-8)
24
Q

Transfusion of plasma

A
  • INR will decrease
  • aPTT labs not needed
  • hematocrit not needed
  • provides clot factors
  • ensure ABO compatibility
25
Q

Transfusion of platelets

A
  • ABO compatibility not required
26
Q

Prostate cancer risk factors

A
  • African American
  • over age of 40
  • diet high in animal fat
  • red meat
27
Q

Kernig sign

A
  • subarachnoid hermitage
  • bacterial meningitis
  • supine, hip flexed 90 degrees
  • pull on neck
  • positive if pain occurs upon extension of knee
28
Q

Breast cancer risk factors

A
  • high BMI/obesity
  • early menarche/post-menopause
  • 50+ years old
  • white
  • family history
  • NULLIPARITY
    • not known why
  • smoking and alcohol
  • high estrogen levels
29
Q

Multiple myeloma

A
  • bone pain
  • shortness of breath
  • weakness
  • C.R.A.B
    • Calcium —> hign
    • Renal (kidney) problems
    • Anemia (low RBC)
    • Bones —> weak, fractures