A5 - Haemorrhage

Question 1

What is haemorrhage?

Answer 1

an acute loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel, extravasation in the blood of a living animal.

Some haemorrhages are not easy to detect, it mostly depends on the abnormal function or integrity of the blood vessels

Question 2

How can we differentiate of types of haermorrhages?

Answer 2

By look, origin and appearance

Question 3

Name the haemorrhages differentiate on look:

Answer 3

1. External
2. Internal

Question 4

Name the haemorrhages differentiate on origin:

Answer 4

1. Haemorrhages by rhexis
2. Haemorrhages by diapedeses

Question 5

Name the haemorrhages differentiate on appearance:

Answer 5

1. Apoplexy
2. Haematoma
3. ecchymotic
4. Petetchial

Question 6

What is external haemorrhage?

Answer 6

It is the most striking bleeding. The blood is lost to the outside, there is blood on the body surface

Question 7

What is internal haemorrhage?

Answer 7

It is bleeding into body cavities, lumen or into the tissues. An internal bleeding, can become external.

Question 8

what is haemorrhage by rhexis?

Answer 8

There is rupture of a blood vessel.

Question 9

What is Haemorrhage by diapedesis?

Answer 9

The blood leaves through intact blood vessels.
There is no cut or significant disruption in the integrity, but there might be small defects that will increase the permeability

Question 10

Causes of haemorrhage by rhexis:

Answer 10

trauma
Aneurism on brain or aorta
inflammation
tumour

Question 11

Causes of Haemorrhage by diapedesis:

Answer 11

circulatory disturbances: hyperaemia, congestions
Endothelial injury: autointoxication, septicaemia, Vitamin C deficiency, viruses

Question 12

What is Apoplexy hamoerrhage?

Answer 12

copious extravasation of blood into any organ or bleeding into an organ or loss of blood flow to an organ.

Question 13

What is haemoatoma?

Answer 13

Massive circumscribed bleeding

Question 14

What is ecchymotic haemorrahge?

Answer 14

medical term for bruises

These form when blood pools under your skin. They’re caused by a blood vessel break. Bruises look like a mark on your skin that’s black and blue or red to purple

Question 15

What is petetchial haemorrhage?

Answer 15

Looks like a rash.

areas of pericapillary bleeding that occur in a wide spectrum of disorders, including some of particular forensic interest

Question 16

Effects and consequences of haemorrhages/bleeding:

Answer 16

It all depends on the amount, rate and location.

If the bleeding is massive = hypovolemic shock
If the bleeding is slow rate = bone marrow is increasing its function and hematopoiesis will take place the blood cell production process
Severe bleeding can lead to acute or chronic post-haemorrhagic anaemia.

Question 17

Signs of haemorrhages

Answer 17

Sometimes we can only suspect haemorrhages by seeing haemorrhagic infiltration of lymph nodes.
We see a brownish red colour from the haemoglobin