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Anatomy > A28 - Clinical Anatomy of the Ear > Flashcards

A28 - Clinical Anatomy of the Ear Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thinnest part of the skull that is a H-shape and joins the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones?

A

pterion

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2
Q

what 2 parts of bone make up the temporal bones?

A

squamous and petrous

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3
Q

what nerves are contains in the temporal bone?

A

facial (CN VII)

vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

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4
Q

what is the function of the external ear ?

A

collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

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5
Q

what are the borders of the external ear ?

A

auricle to the tympanic membrane via the external acoustic meatus

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6
Q

what is the function of the middle ear ?

A

amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

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7
Q

what are the boundaries of the middle ear ?

A

tympanic membrane to the oval window

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8
Q

what important structure which connects the ear to the nasopharynx does the middle ear contain?

A

eustachian tube

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9
Q

what is the function of the internal ear ?

A

converts special sensory information

  • into fluid waves
  • then APs
  • conducts APs to the brain
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10
Q

what are the boundries of the internal ear ?

A

oral window to the internal acoustic meatus

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11
Q

what parts of the skeleton make up the external ear?

A

temporal bone

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12
Q

what type of cartilage is the external ear made of?

A

elastic cartilage

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13
Q

how does elastic cartilage gain the nutrients it requires?

A

avascular so gets nutrients from the skin and mucosa surrounding it

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14
Q

when injecting anaesthetic near the ear what should this not contain?

A

adrenaline

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15
Q

how does the ear canal produce earwax?

A

via ceruminous glands

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16
Q

what is the sensory supply of back of the ear, the helix and the ear lobe?

A

C2,3 - great auricular

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17
Q

what area of the ear does the CN Va (mandibular nerve)?

A

superior parts of the external acoustic meatus and most of the tympanic membrane

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18
Q

what is the sensory supply to the inferior part of the EAM and tympanic membrane?

A

CN X - branch of the vagus nerve called alderman nerve

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19
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the lateral surface of the superior half of the ear ?

A

parotid lymph nodes

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20
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the cranial surface of the superior half of the ear ?

A

mastoid lymph nodes (deep cervical lymph nodes?

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21
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the rest of auricle including the lobe?

A

superficial cervical lymph nodes

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22
Q

what is the overall drainage of the lymph of the overall ear?

A

deep cervical lymph nodes > thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct > venous angle

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23
Q

what is a otoscopic examination?

A

examination of the EAM and tympanic membrane

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24
Q

Which direction would you pull a child’s ear during an otoscopic examination

A

Posteroinferiorly

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25
Q

Which direction would you pull a adult’s ear during an otoscopic examination?

A

Posterosuperiorly

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of a child’s EAM?

A

short and straight

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27
Q

what are the characteristics of an adults EAM?

A

curved

28
Q

what is the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane?

A

umbo

29
Q

what is the thin part of the tympanic membrane that sits superiorly?

A

pars flaccida

30
Q

what is the thick part of the tympanic membrane which sits posteroinferiorly?

A

pars tensa

31
Q

What innervates the external surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

CN V3 (auriculotemporal nerve)

32
Q

What innervates the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

CN IX - glossopharyngeal

33
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply sensory innervation to?

A
  • middle ear cavity
  • eustachian tube
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • tonsils
34
Q

what connects the tympanic cavity to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx>

A

eustachian tube

35
Q

what causes referred pain of tonsilitis or pharyngisits ?

A

eustachian tube

36
Q

In what part of the ear are the malleus, incus and stapes bones?

A

Middle ear

37
Q

what are the 3 auditory ossicles?

A

malleus
icnus
stapes

38
Q

What two muscles are in the middle ear?

A

Stapedius and tensor tympani

39
Q

What connects the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngotympanic Tube

40
Q

What type of joints do the auditory ossicles articulate by?

A

Synovial

41
Q

What creates the umbo of the tympanic membrane?

A

Handle of Malleus

42
Q

What branch of the facial nerve passes through the tympanic cavity?

A

Chorda Tympani

43
Q

What muscle reduces the stapes movement? It is the tinniest skeletal muscle in the body and is supplied by CN VII)

A

Stapedius

44
Q

what is the right promontory?

A

bony swelling on the medial wall formed hy the cochlea of the internal ear

45
Q

what is the aditus?

A

doorway into the mastoid antrum form he epitympanic recess

46
Q

what causes mastoditis?

A

spread of infection to the mastoid air cells from the middle ear cavity

47
Q

what is the pathway of the facial nerve through the middle ear cavity?

A
  1. comes from the pons-medullary junction and exits via the internal acoustic meatus
  2. travels in the facial canal of teh petrous temporal bone
  3. then exits via the stylomastoid foramen
48
Q

what is the thinnest skeletal muscle in the body which is supplies by CN VII that reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise?

A

the right stapedius muscle

49
Q

what is the extracranial course of the facial nerve?

A
  1. exits via the stylomastoid foramen

2. branches off to supple muscles of facial expression

50
Q

what is the pathway of the chorda tympani?

A
  1. branches from the facial nerve and exits the skull via stylomastoid foramen
  2. follows the lingual branch of CN V3 to synapse at the submandibular ganglion
  3. post-ganglionic fibres then supple the submandibular and sublingual glands
51
Q

where is the internal ear located?

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

52
Q

what nerve supplies the internal ear?

A

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

53
Q

what are the two parts of CN VIII?

A
  • cochlear nerve for hearing

- vestibular nerve for balance

54
Q

what is contained in the otic capsule?

A

bony labyrinth

55
Q

what fills the bony labyrinth?

A

perilymph (similar to extracellular fluid?

56
Q

what is suspended within the perilymph of the bony labyrinth?

A
  • membranous labyrinth
  • communicating sacs
  • endolymph fluid
57
Q

what part of the otic capsule is resposnsibel for hearing?

A

cochlea - sprial which has 2 turns ending in an apex

58
Q

what part of the otic capsule is responsible for balance?

A

the three semi-circular canals

59
Q

what is teh long balloon like structure within the cochlea filled with endolymph?

A

cochlear duct

60
Q

what are the inter-linked balloon like structures within the semi-circular canals filled with endolymph?

A

semi-circular ducts

61
Q

what are clusters of hair cells in the ear?

A

maculae

62
Q

what do semi-circular ducts detect?

A

angular movement changes

63
Q

what detects linear movement changes?

A

utricle and saccule

64
Q

Descibe the 6 stages of sound transmission?

A
  1. Sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate
  2. Vibrations transmitted through ossicles
  3. Base of stapes vibrates in oval window
  4. Vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph
  5. Hair cells in the cochlea are moved, neurotransmitter is released, Aps stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve
  6. Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
65
Q

What are the symptoms of CN VII associated with pathology at the internal acoustic meatus?

A
  • ipsilateral loss of facial expression
  • ipsilateral loss of taste
  • dry mouth
  • reduced general sensation in the auricle
66
Q

What are the symptoms of CN VIII associated with pathology at the internal acoustic meatus?

A
  • ipsilateral loss of hearing (cochlear nerve)

- ipsilateral loss of balance (vestibular nerve)

Anatomy (30 decks)

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