A2 RESEARCH METHODS - Empirical Methods, Paradigms, Paradigm Shifts And Objectivity Flashcards
What is a paradigm in the context of science?
A shared set of assumptions and agreed methods found within scientific disciplines.
Kuhn (1962) suggested that paradigms distinguish scientific from non-scientific disciplines.
Why might psychology be considered a ‘pre-science’?
Due to the lack of universal acceptance of paradigms and too many internal disagreements and conflicting approaches.
Unlike natural sciences, psychology struggles with consensus on fundamental principles.
What is a paradigm shift?
A significant change in the dominant unifying theory of a scientific discipline that occurs as a result of a scientific revolution.
This concept was introduced by Kuhn.
What are the two stages of a paradigm shift?
1) Dominant theory is questioned and counter evidence accumulates. 2) The established science makes rapid progress leading to a scientific revolution.
This process can lead to the overthrow of the present paradigm.
Who is a key historical figure associated with a paradigm shift and what was his contribution?
Copernicus; he proposed that the sun, not the Earth, is at the center of the universe.
This shifted the prevailing belief of Earth-centric models in the sixteenth century.
Define objectivity in research.
Dealing with facts in a way that is unaffected by beliefs, opinions, feelings, or expectations.
Objectivity is crucial for the integrity of scientific research.
Why is objectivity important for researchers?
It prevents personal opinions or biases from influencing research outcomes, increasing confidence in the results.
High objectivity allows findings to be replicated by other researchers.
What is the empirical method based on?
Objectivity.
The empirical method is more likely to be achieved through laboratory experiments or observations.
Fill in the blank: A good researcher maintains a _______ from their research.
critical distance.
True or False: Psychology has a universally accepted paradigm.
False.
