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Surface Force IDC > A+P 1.3 Organization of cells > Flashcards

A+P 1.3 Organization of cells Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three main parts of a cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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2
Q

DESCRIBE the plasma membrane

A
  • plasma membrane : flexible outer surface; regulates flow of materials into and out of cell; plays key role in communication among and between cells and external environment
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3
Q

DESCRIBE cytoplasm

A
  • consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
  • divided into two components; cytosol and organelles
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4
Q

DESCRIBE cytosol and organelles

A
  • cytosol : liquid portion of cytoplasm; consists mainly of water with dissolved solutes particles
  • organelles : found within the cytosol; membrane-bound structures with specific structures and functions
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5
Q

DESCRIBE the nucleus

A
  • the largest organelle of a cell
  • acts as the control center of the cell because it contains the organisms genes the control cell structure and activities
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6
Q

DEFINE the function of the plasma membrane

A
  • flexible, sturdy barrier consisting mainly of lipids and proteins
  • Lipid bilayer : two tail-to-tail layers made up of three types of lipids: phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids
  • two types of membrane proteins
    • integral; extend into or through the lipid bilayer
    • peripheral; loosely attached to the interior or exterior surface of the membrane; glycoproteins are peripheral proteins attached to carbohydrates
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7
Q

Cell membrane function

Selective Permeability

A
  • allows some substances to move into and out of the cell but restricts others
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8
Q

cell membrane function of

lipid portion

A
  • permeable to water and nonpolar lipid soluble molecules
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9
Q

membrane function of integral proteins

A

may form ion channels through which ions such at potassium(K+) can move into and out of cells

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10
Q

membrane function of other proteins

A

act as carriers which change shape as they move a substance from one side to another

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11
Q

membrane function

large molecules

A

unable to pass through the plasma membrane except by transport within vesicles

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12
Q

membrane function

integral proteins - receptors

A

recognize and bind specific molecules; some integral proteins are enzymes speeding up specific reactions

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13
Q

membrane function

glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

often serve as identity markers to recognize its own growing tissues or respond to dangerous outside cells

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14
Q

transport across the plasma membrane

A
  • movement of materials across the plasma membrane is essential to the life of a cell
  • substances move into the cells to support metabolic reactions
  • cells produce waste and must be moved out of the cell
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15
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A
  • fluid found inside body cells

- makes up about 2/3 of the fluid found in the body

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16
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A
  • fluid outside of the cell
    • between cells = interstitial
    • in blood vessels = plasma
    • in lymphatic vessels = lymph
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17
Q

Define solute

A

material dissolved in a fluid

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18
Q

define concentration

A

amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

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19
Q

define concentration gradient

A

the difference between high and low concentration

20
Q

DEFINE passive transport

A

kinetic energy moves molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration ; simply diffusion

21
Q

DEFINE active transport

A

cellular energy (ATP) is used to push the substance against the concentration gradient ; from low to high

22
Q

EXPLAIN passive transport

A
  • involves only kinetic enery (energy of motion) ; does not require ATP
  • ex. simple diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis
23
Q

EXPLAIN Simple diffusion

A
  • movement of a substance through the lipid bilayer, from an area of high concentration to low until equilibrium is reached
  • pass through lipid bilayer if lipid-soluble; oxygen, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, steroids
  • polar molecules such as water and urea also pass through
24
Q

EXPLAIN facilitated diffusion

A
  • some molecules bind to integral proteins on one side of the membrane and are released on the other side after the protein carrier undergoes a change in shape
25
Q

Ion channels

A

ion channels in the membrane allow specific ions to pass through

26
Q

Osmosis

A
  • diffusion of water from an area of higher concentration to lower
27
Q

isotonic solution

A
  • concentration of water and solute is the same on both sides of membrane
  • water enters and leaves cell at the same rate
  • cell maintains normal shape
28
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • low concentration of solute, high concentration of water outside the cell in ECF
  • water enters the cell at a faster rate than it leaves
  • the swells or ruptures (hemolysis)
29
Q

Hypertonic solution

A
  • high concentration of solute and low concentration of water outside cell in ECF
  • water leaves the cell at a faster rate than it enters
  • cell shrinks (crenation)
30
Q

Two types of active transport

A
  • pumps involving carrier proteins

- transport within vesicles

31
Q

Major/most important pump for active transport

A
  • sodium-potassium pump; critical for nerve and muscle function
32
Q

Methods transport in vesicles

A
  • Endocytosis
    • phagocytosis
    • bulk phase endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
33
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • substances are surrounded and enclosed by a piece of the plasma membrane
  • this forms a vesicle that is brought into cell
34
Q

two types of endocytosis

A
  • phagocytosis “cell eating” large plasma membrane projections called pseudopods surrounds and ingest bacteria and other foreign particles
  • bulk phase endocytosis “cell drinking” ingestion of tiny droplets of ECF (pinocytosis)
35
Q

Exocytosis

A

moving substances out of a cell by fusing vesicle membrane with plasma membrane resulting in excretion into ECF

36
Q

Nucleus

A
  • spherical or oval structure

- surrounded by nuclear envelops with nuclear pores

37
Q

Nuclear pores

A

small openings in the nuclear envelope which control movement in and out of the nucleus

38
Q

nucleolus

A

structure of the nucleus that makes ribosomes that pass into cytoplasm through nuclear pores

39
Q

somatic (body) cells

A
  • 46 chromosomes

- 23 from each parent

40
Q

genome

A

the total genetic information carried in a cell or organism

41
Q

Average human adult

cell number and type

A

composed of nearly 100 trillion cells consisting of about 200 different cell types

42
Q

cell measurements

A
  • measured in micro meters (1/1000 meter)
43
Q

oocyte

A
  • largest cell

- diameter of about 140 micrometer; barely visible to the unaided eye

44
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • diameter of 8 micrometer
45
Q

shapes of cells

A
  • round, oval, flat, cube-shaped, column-shaped, elongated, star-shaped, cylindrical, or disk-shaped
46
Q

sperm cell shape

A

-has a long whip like tail (flagellum) that it uses for motion

47
Q

red blood cell shape

A
  • disk shape

- the large surface are enhances its ability to pass Oxygen to other cells

Surface Force IDC (26 decks)

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