A+P 1.1 Flashcards
DEFINE anatomy
The science of structure and the relationships among structures of the human body.
DEFINE physiology
The science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work.
DEFINE how body systems relate to one another
Smallest to largest: chemical cellular tissue organ system organismal
The Chemical level
Atoms: smallest unit of matter
Molecules: two or more atoms joined together
The Cellular level
- Molecules combine to form structures (cells)
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism
Name organelles contained in cells
Nucleus, Mitochondria, Lysosomes
Tissue Level
Groups of cells join together to from tissues that work together to perform a particular function
4 Basic types of tissue found in the body
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
Organ Level
Tissues join together to form body structures.
System Level
consists of related organs that have a common function.
-Organs form systems
Organismal Level
all systems of the body that combine to form the human organism
Which system helps eliminate waste
Digestive
Define Homeostasis
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions
Homeostasis is mainly controlled by what systems
Nervous and Endocrine
Homeostasis : Nervous system function
detects changes and sends messages to organs to counteract the change
Homeostasis: Endocrine system
corrects changes by secreting hormones into the blood
Define feedback system
a cycle of events in whish a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, and changed
Stimulus
any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
Stimuli from external environment
intense heat or lack of oxygen
stimuli from internal environment
blood glucose level too low
physiological stimuli
demands of work and school
3 components of feedback system
receptor, control center, effector
Receptor
monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information called input to control center
control center
evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output commands
effector
body structure the receives output commands and produces a response that changes the controlled condition
Negative feedback system
reverses a change in a controlled condition in order to maintain homeostasis
**most feedback systems in the body are negative
Positive Feedback system
strengthens/reinforces a change in a controlled condition
examples of positive feedback system
childbirth, ovulation, blood clotting
two terms of a reclining body
prone, supine
Prone position
body lying face down
Supine position
body is lying face up
Major body regions
Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs
Superior
(cephalic or cranial) toward the head, or upper part of structure
Inferior
(caudal) away from the head or lower part of the structure
Anterior
(ventral) nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior
(dorsal) nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial
nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane (trunk, head)
Lateral
farther from midline or midsagittal plane (trunk, head)
Proximal
nearer to the attachment point of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin
Distal
farther from the attachment point of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin
Superficial
toward or on the surface of the body
Deep
away from the surface of the body
4 major planes
sagittal, frontal, transverse, oblique
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane that divides body or organ into right and left sides
Midsagittal plane
equal right and left sides
parasagittal plane
unequal right and left sides
Frontal Plane (coronal)
divides the body or organ into front and back (anterior and posterior)
Transverse plane
divides the boy or organ into upper and lower (superior and inferior)
Oblique plane
passes through the body or organ at an angle
Name the principle body cavities
cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominopelvic
cranial cavity
formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain
vertebral canal
formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains spinal cord
thoracic cavity
contains the heart, great blood vessels, and lungs. has 3 smaller cavities
3 smaller cavities of thoracic cavity
pericardial, pleural cavities, mediastinum
pericardial cavity
fluid filled space that surrounds the heart
pleural cavities
each of which surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of fluid
mediastinum cavity
central portion of the thoracic cavity; contains esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Diaphragm
dome shaped muscle that powers breathing and separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
extends from diaphragm to the groin; separated into two portions although no wall separates them
Abdominal cavity (upper portion)
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
Pelvic Cavity (lower portion)
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestines, and internal organs of reproductive system
Serous membranes
found in large body cavities; thin double layered membrane that covers viscera and lines the walls of thorax and abdomen
serous membrane layers
parietal : lines the walls of the cavities
Visceral: covers and adheres to the viscera (organs) within the cavities
serous membrane names
pleural cavity = pleura
pericardial cavity = pericardium
abdominal cavity = peritoneum
