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From Flashcardlet > A CH 5 Integumentary system > Flashcards

A CH 5 Integumentary system Flashcards

0
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium that is keratinized
Avascular
The superficial thinner layer

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1
Q

Dermatology

A

Medical speciality the deals with skin disorders

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2
Q

Dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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3
Q

Keratinocytes

A

90% of epidermal cells

Produce keratin which protects from light heat and bacteria

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4
Q

Melanocytes

A

Are in between keratinocytes
8% of cells
Produce melanin which protects against uv light

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5
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

They are for immune response

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6
Q

Merkel cells

A

Least numerous of epidermal cells

Detect touch

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7
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A 
Stratum corneum 
Stratum lucidum 
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum basale
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8
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Twenty five to thirty rows of dead, flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin

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9
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only present in skin of fingertips, palms and soles,

Consists of four to six rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with large amounts of arranged keratin

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10
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Three to five rows of flattened keratinocytes, in which organelles are beginning to degenerate
Cells contain protein keratohyalin which converts keratin filaments into keratin, and larger granules which release a lipid rich water repellant secretion

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11
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Eight to ten rows of many sided keratinocytes with bundles of keratin intermediate filaments
Contains armlike projections of melanocytes a intraepidermal macrophage cells

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12
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes that contain scattered keratin intermediate filaments
Stem cells undergo cell division to produce new keratinocytes
Melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells associated with tactile discs are scattered among the keratinocytes

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13
Q

Dermis

A

The second layer, deeper part of the skin
Composed of connective tissue (Areolar- papillary region and dense irregular-reticular region)
Has fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes
Blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles
Thick in palms and soles
Thin in eyelids, penis and scrotum
Thicker in posterior body and lateral limbs
Thinner in anterior body and medial limbs

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14
Q

Papillary region

A

The superficial portion of the dermis (about one fifth)
Consists of Areolar connective tissue with thin collagen fibers and fine elastic fibers
Contains dermal papillae that house blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings

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15
Q

Reticular region

A

The deeper portion of the dermis consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers
Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands

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16
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

Also called tension lines
Indicate the main direction of collagen fibers in the reticular region
Important in surgery especially plastic surgery
Incisions parallel to the lines heal with fine scars
Incisions made across these lines make broad thick scars

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17
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Not actually a layer of the skin
Also called sub q, superficial fascia, hypodermis
Areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
Contains Pacinian corpuscles (pressure and vibration sensors)

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18
Q

Name the functions of the skin

A 
Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation)
Protection 
Sensation
Excretion 
Immunity 
Blood reservoir 
Synthesis of vitamin D
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19
Q

Regulation of body temperature

A

Thermoregulation
Changes in blood flow to the skin
Sweating by sudoriferous glands

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20
Q

Protection

A

Physical barrier to the external environment

Abrasion, bacteria, dehydration, uv light

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21
Q

Sensation

A 
Nerve ending/receptors/sensors 
Touch- Merkel or Meisners 
Pressure- Pacinian corpuscles 
Temperature 
Pain- nocoception
22
Q

Excretion

A

Lactic acid, urea, ions (k+) in sweat

23
Q

Immunity

A

Langerhans cells

24
Q

Blood reservoir

A

Regulated by vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles

25
Q

Synthesis of vitamin D

A

Uv light
Vitamin d is considered a hormone
Absorption of ca++
Skin is an endocrine organ

26
Q

3 major pigments

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

27
Q

Melanin

A

Pale yellow to black
Produced by melanocytes (about same # in all races but the amount of melanin secretion is different)
More melanocytes in areola, penis, face, limbs
Cause freckles, liver and age spots
Synthesis of melanin increases with uv exposure
Protective
Lack of melanin is albinism

28
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow to orange
Precursor to vitamin A
Found in carrots, egg yolk, yellow/orange fruits

29
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Pigment in RBCs that carries o2
Red when oxygenated
Blue when deoxygenated

30
Q

Accessory organs of the skin

A

Hair
Nails
Glands

31
Q

Hair anatomy

A

Shaft, the part you can see
Root, part you can’t see
Has three layer: medulla, cortex, cuticle
Hair follicle: surrounds the root, 2 layers, internal and external root sheathe
Bulb area: papillae of the hair, matrix of the hair

32
Q

Medulla

A

Composed to two or three rows of irregularly shaped cells containing pigment granules and air spaces

33
Q

Cortex

A

Forms a major part of the shaft and consists of elongated cells that contain pigment granules on dark hair but mostly air spaces

34
Q

Cuticle

A

The outermost layer consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells that are heavily keratinized

35
Q

Hair follicles

A

Is made up of external root sheath and internal root sheath

36
Q

Hair growth

A

2 stages
Growth: cells dividing in the matrix making hair longer, about three years in the scalp
Resting: no new cells, 1-2 years

37
Q

Hair color

A

Melanin effects hair color
Melanocytes in the matrix of the bulb
Dark hair - true melanin
Blond hair- melanin variant containing sulfur
Red hair- melanin variant containing iron

38
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Smooth muscle

Contract in response to cold or fear

39
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

Light touch receptors

40
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Secrete onto hair or skin surface

41
Q

Sudorifeous (sweat) glands

A

Two types eccrine and apocrine

42
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Produce cerumen = ear wax

43
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Throughout skin of most regions of the body, especially in skin of forehead, palms, and soles
Mostly in deep dermis
Termination of excretory duct is in the surface of epidermis
Secretion: less viscous, consists of water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose and lactic acid
Function: regulation of body temperature, waste removal, and stimulation during emotional stress
On sent of function: soon after birth

44
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Distribution: skin of axils, groin, areolae, bearded regions and labia minora

Location of secretory portion: mostly in subcutaneous layer
Termination of excretory duct: hair follicle
Secretion: more viscous; consists of the same components as eccrine sweat glands plus lipids and protein
Functions: stimulation during emotional stress and sexual excitement
Onset of function: puberty

45
Q

Nails

A

Tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells. Each nail has a nail body, a free edge and a nail root.

46
Q

Nail body

A

The visible portion of the nail.
Flattened hard keratin cells that are not shed
Appears pink because of blood flowing though underlying capillaries

47
Q

Free edge

A

Is the part of the nail body that may extend pat the distal end of the digit
The free edge is white because there are no underlying capillaries

48
Q

Nail root

Lunula

A

Is the part of the nail that is buried in the skin the whitish crescent shaped area of the proximal end is called the lunula.
It is white here because there is a thicker stratum basale in this area it does not allow vascular tissue underneath to show through

49
Q

Hyponychium

A

Secures the nail to the fingertip

It’s a thickened region of stratum corneum

50
Q

Eponychium

A

A narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall

51
Q

Nail facts

A

Grow about 1mm per eek
Toe nails grow slower (approx 8 months to grow out)
Longer digits have faster growing nails
Nails grow faster in warmer months
Function to aid in grasping and scratching
As long as you don’t have diet deficiencies taking gelatin doesn’t help growth of nails

52
Q

Thin skin

A

In all parts of the body except areas such as palms and palmar surface of digits and soles
About .10-.15 mm thick
Lacking stratum lucidum essentially thinner stratum spinosum and corneum
Epidermal ridges lacking due to poorly developed and fewer and less well organized dermal papillae
Has hair follicles and arrector pili muscles and sebaceous glands
There are fewer subdoriferous glands and even sparser sensory receptors

53
Q

Thick skin

A

In areas such as he palms, palmar surface of digits and soles
.6-4.5mm due mostly to a thicker stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum present, thicker strum spinosum and croneum
Epidermal ridges are present
Hair follicles, arrector pili muscles and sebaceous glands are absent
More numerous sudoriferous glands
Denser sensory receptors

From Flashcardlet (22 decks)

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