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A CH 5 Integumentary system Flashcards

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0
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium that is keratinized
Avascular
The superficial thinner layer

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1
Q

Dermatology

A

Medical speciality the deals with skin disorders

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2
Q

Dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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3
Q

Keratinocytes

A

90% of epidermal cells

Produce keratin which protects from light heat and bacteria

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4
Q

Melanocytes

A

Are in between keratinocytes
8% of cells
Produce melanin which protects against uv light

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5
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

They are for immune response

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6
Q

Merkel cells

A

Least numerous of epidermal cells

Detect touch

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7
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A 
Stratum corneum 
Stratum lucidum 
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum basale
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8
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Twenty five to thirty rows of dead, flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin

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9
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only present in skin of fingertips, palms and soles,

Consists of four to six rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with large amounts of arranged keratin

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10
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Three to five rows of flattened keratinocytes, in which organelles are beginning to degenerate
Cells contain protein keratohyalin which converts keratin filaments into keratin, and larger granules which release a lipid rich water repellant secretion

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11
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Eight to ten rows of many sided keratinocytes with bundles of keratin intermediate filaments
Contains armlike projections of melanocytes a intraepidermal macrophage cells

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12
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes that contain scattered keratin intermediate filaments
Stem cells undergo cell division to produce new keratinocytes
Melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells associated with tactile discs are scattered among the keratinocytes

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13
Q

Dermis

A

The second layer, deeper part of the skin
Composed of connective tissue (Areolar- papillary region and dense irregular-reticular region)
Has fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes
Blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles
Thick in palms and soles
Thin in eyelids, penis and scrotum
Thicker in posterior body and lateral limbs
Thinner in anterior body and medial limbs

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14
Q

Papillary region

A

The superficial portion of the dermis (about one fifth)
Consists of Areolar connective tissue with thin collagen fibers and fine elastic fibers
Contains dermal papillae that house blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings

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15
Q

Reticular region

A

The deeper portion of the dermis consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers
Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands

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16
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

Also called tension lines
Indicate the main direction of collagen fibers in the reticular region
Important in surgery especially plastic surgery
Incisions parallel to the lines heal with fine scars
Incisions made across these lines make broad thick scars

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17
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Not actually a layer of the skin
Also called sub q, superficial fascia, hypodermis
Areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
Contains Pacinian corpuscles (pressure and vibration sensors)

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18
Q

Name the functions of the skin

A 
Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation)
Protection 
Sensation
Excretion 
Immunity 
Blood reservoir 
Synthesis of vitamin D
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19
Q

Regulation of body temperature

A

Thermoregulation
Changes in blood flow to the skin
Sweating by sudoriferous glands

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20
Q

Protection

A

Physical barrier to the external environment

Abrasion, bacteria, dehydration, uv light

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21
Q

Sensation

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A 
Nerve ending/receptors/sensors 
Touch- Merkel or Meisners 
Pressure- Pacinian corpuscles 
Temperature 
Pain- nocoception
22
Q

Excretion

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A

Lactic acid, urea, ions (k+) in sweat

23
Q

Immunity

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A

Langerhans cells

24
Blood reservoir
Regulated by vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles
25
Synthesis of vitamin D
Uv light Vitamin d is considered a hormone Absorption of ca++ Skin is an endocrine organ
26
3 major pigments
Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin
27
Melanin
Pale yellow to black Produced by melanocytes (about same # in all races but the amount of melanin secretion is different) More melanocytes in areola, penis, face, limbs Cause freckles, liver and age spots Synthesis of melanin increases with uv exposure Protective Lack of melanin is albinism
28
Carotene
Yellow to orange Precursor to vitamin A Found in carrots, egg yolk, yellow/orange fruits
29
Hemoglobin
Pigment in RBCs that carries o2 Red when oxygenated Blue when deoxygenated
30
Accessory organs of the skin
Hair Nails Glands
31
Hair anatomy
Shaft, the part you can see Root, part you can't see Has three layer: medulla, cortex, cuticle Hair follicle: surrounds the root, 2 layers, internal and external root sheathe Bulb area: papillae of the hair, matrix of the hair
32
Medulla
Composed to two or three rows of irregularly shaped cells containing pigment granules and air spaces
33
Cortex
Forms a major part of the shaft and consists of elongated cells that contain pigment granules on dark hair but mostly air spaces
34
Cuticle
The outermost layer consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells that are heavily keratinized
35
Hair follicles
Is made up of external root sheath and internal root sheath
36
Hair growth
2 stages Growth: cells dividing in the matrix making hair longer, about three years in the scalp Resting: no new cells, 1-2 years
37
Hair color
Melanin effects hair color Melanocytes in the matrix of the bulb Dark hair - true melanin Blond hair- melanin variant containing sulfur Red hair- melanin variant containing iron
38
Arrector pili muscle
Smooth muscle | Contract in response to cold or fear
39
Hair root plexuses
Light touch receptors
40
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Secrete onto hair or skin surface
41
Sudorifeous (sweat) glands
Two types eccrine and apocrine
42
Ceruminous glands
Produce cerumen = ear wax
43
Eccrine sweat glands
Throughout skin of most regions of the body, especially in skin of forehead, palms, and soles Mostly in deep dermis Termination of excretory duct is in the surface of epidermis Secretion: less viscous, consists of water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose and lactic acid Function: regulation of body temperature, waste removal, and stimulation during emotional stress On sent of function: soon after birth
44
Apocrine sweat glands
Distribution: skin of axils, groin, areolae, bearded regions and labia minora Location of secretory portion: mostly in subcutaneous layer Termination of excretory duct: hair follicle Secretion: more viscous; consists of the same components as eccrine sweat glands plus lipids and protein Functions: stimulation during emotional stress and sexual excitement Onset of function: puberty
45
Nails
Tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells. Each nail has a nail body, a free edge and a nail root.
46
Nail body
The visible portion of the nail. Flattened hard keratin cells that are not shed Appears pink because of blood flowing though underlying capillaries
47
Free edge
Is the part of the nail body that may extend pat the distal end of the digit The free edge is white because there are no underlying capillaries
48
Nail root | Lunula
Is the part of the nail that is buried in the skin the whitish crescent shaped area of the proximal end is called the lunula. It is white here because there is a thicker stratum basale in this area it does not allow vascular tissue underneath to show through
49
Hyponychium
Secures the nail to the fingertip | It's a thickened region of stratum corneum
50
Eponychium
A narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall
51
Nail facts
Grow about 1mm per eek Toe nails grow slower (approx 8 months to grow out) Longer digits have faster growing nails Nails grow faster in warmer months Function to aid in grasping and scratching As long as you don't have diet deficiencies taking gelatin doesn't help growth of nails
52
Thin skin
In all parts of the body except areas such as palms and palmar surface of digits and soles About .10-.15 mm thick Lacking stratum lucidum essentially thinner stratum spinosum and corneum Epidermal ridges lacking due to poorly developed and fewer and less well organized dermal papillae Has hair follicles and arrector pili muscles and sebaceous glands There are fewer subdoriferous glands and even sparser sensory receptors
53
Thick skin
In areas such as he palms, palmar surface of digits and soles .6-4.5mm due mostly to a thicker stratum corneum Stratum lucidum present, thicker strum spinosum and croneum Epidermal ridges are present Hair follicles, arrector pili muscles and sebaceous glands are absent More numerous sudoriferous glands Denser sensory receptors

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