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From Flashcardlet > A CH 21 Special Senses > Flashcards

A CH 21 Special Senses Flashcards

0
Q

Olfactory supporting cells

A

Columnar epithelial cells
Mucous membrane lining the nose
Provide support, nourishment, and electrical insulation
Help detoxify chemicals

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1
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

First order neurons of the olfactory pathway
Is a bipolar neuron
Short life span
Odorant molecules activate olfactory hairs

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2
Q

Basal cells

Olfactory

A

Located between bases of supporting cells
Short life, a month or so.
Develop into olfactory receptors

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3
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

Where the nerves terminate in the brain in paired masses of gray matter called olfactory bulbs
2nd order neurons
Project to temporal, sensation of smell

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4
Q

Pathway of olfactory

A

On each side of the nose about 40 million bundles of unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells extend into the nose
Through the cribriform plate in ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb through olfactory tract
Then to the primary olfactory area on the temporal lobe
Does not go through hypothalamus

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5
Q

5 primary tastes

A 
Sweet- CHO 
Sour- H+ 
Bitter - quinine 
Salty - Na+ 
Umami (meaty)- MSG
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6
Q

What basically causes taste

A

Combination of the 5 primary tastes along with olfactory input
Food wont taste as good of olfaction is damaged

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7
Q

Taste buds

A

10,000 on tongue, epiglottis, pharynx and soft palate

Numbers decrease with age

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8
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

In papillae on tongue
Form v shape at back of tongue
100-300 taste buds each

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9
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped elevations scattered over tongue

Contain 5 taste buds each

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10
Q

Filiform papillae

A

No taste buds

Create friction to bring in food

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11
Q

Gustatory receptor cells

A

About 50 a taste bud

Synapse with first order sensory neuron

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12
Q

Basal cells

Gustatory

A

Stem cells found at the taste bud near the connective tissue layer
Produce supporting cells

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13
Q

Gustatory pathway

A

From taste buds impulses move along cranial nerves to gustatory nucleus in medulla oblongata from here axons carry taste signals to limbic system and hypothalamus others project to thalamus

Taste signals that project from thalamus to the primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe give rise to conscious perception of taste

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14
Q

Lacrimal glands

A

Secrete lacrimal fluid

Play a role in crying

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15
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

The outer layer of the eyeball

Strong dense connective tissue layer

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16
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outer covering
Forms visible white part of the eye
Provides protection, eye shape and helps with movement of the eye

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17
Q

Cornea

A

Fibrous tunic becomes transparent, dome like region
Superficial to the colored iris and allows light to enter the eye
Curved surface
Dense connective tissue

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18
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin protective mucous membrane
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Numerous goblet cells

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19
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

Lines inner aspect of the eyelids

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20
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

Passes from the eyelids onto the surface of the eyeball

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21
Q

Components of fibrous tunic

A

Sclera
Cornea
Conjunctiva

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22
Q

Components of vascular tunic

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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23
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Also known as uvea

Middle layer of the eyeball

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24
Q

Choroid

A

Posterior portion Of vascular tunic
Lines most of the internal surface of sclera
Numerous blood vessels provide nutrients to the posterior surface of retina
Contains melanocytes which causes the layer to look dark brown
Melanin also absorbs light rays which prevents scattering of light

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25
Q

Ciliary body

A

Anterior portion of vascular tunic

Contains melanin

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26
Q

Ciliary process

A

Folds or protrusions on the internal surface of the ciliary body
Contain blood capillaries that secrete aqueous humor

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27
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Smooth muscle of the ciliary body

Produces a narrowing or sphincter action of the ciliary body

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28
Q

Iris

A

Colored portion of the eyeball

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29
Q

What determines eye color

A

Amount of melanin in iris

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30
Q

Pupil

A

Where you see a reflection of yourself when looking into someones eye
Hole in middle of the eye
Black part

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31
Q

Retina

A

The third and inner coat of the eyeball

Beginning of visual pathway

32
Q

Optic disc

A

Were the optic nerve exits the eyeball

33
Q

What are the layers of the retina

A 
Pigmented layer 
Photoreceptors
Outer synaptic layer 
Bipolar cell layer
Inner synaptic layer 
Ganglion cell layer
Optic nerve axons
34
Q

Pigmented layer

A

A sheet of melanin between the choroid and neural part of retina

Absorbs stray light

35
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Specialized cells in the Photoreceptor layer that begin the process by which light rays are ultimately converted to nerve impulses

36
Q

Rods

A

Allow us to see in dim light, such as moonlight
They do not provide color vision
We will only see black, gray and white

37
Q

Cones

A

Produce color vision

Most of our visual stimuli

38
Q

Central fovea

A

A small depression in the center of the macula lutea
Contains only cones

The reason you turn your head and eyes to look at things, its to place images on your central fovea
This is why you can see faint objects better by not completely looking at them , only cones no rods.

39
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Between cornea and lens

Contains aqueous humor, anterior chamber and posterior chamber

40
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Secreted by ciliary processes
Flows to anterior chamber
Drains into scleral venous sinus, canal of schlemm

41
Q

Anterior chamber

A

In front of iris and lens

42
Q

How often is aqueous humor replaced

A

Every 90 minutes

43
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Behind iris

44
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Larger posterior cavity of eyeball

Lies between lens and retina

45
Q

Vitreous body

A

In the vitreous chamber

Vitreous jelly

46
Q

Pathway in brain

Vision

A

Axons of the optic nerve pass through the optic chiasm (crossing point)
Now they are part of the optic tract to the thalamus which project to the visual primary area in the occipital lobe

47
Q

External outter ear

A

Consists of auricle, external auditory canal and tympanic membrane

48
Q

Auricle

A

Or pinna

A flap of elastic cartilage covered by skin

49
Q

External auditory canal

A

A curved tube about 2.5 cm long that lies in cartilage of the auricle and the temporal bone and leads to the tympanic membrane

50
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

A thin semitransparent partition between the external auditory canal and middle ear

51
Q

Our body tries to keep the pressure in external and middle ear

A

The same

52
Q

Middle ear

A

A small air filled cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
Between middle and inner ear
Contains oval window and round window

53
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Smallest bones in the body
Connected by synovial joints
Malleus, incus and stapes

54
Q

Malleus

A

The handle
Attaches to internal surface of tympanic membrane

Articulates with body of incus

55
Q

Incus

A

The middle bone

56
Q

Stapes

A

The base of the stapes fits in the oval window

57
Q

Round window

A

Directly below the oval window

58
Q

Auditory tube

A

Bone and elastic cartilage
Connects middle ear with nasopharynx
Closes and opens allowing air to enter or leave middle ear to make pressure equal atmospheric pressure

59
Q

Inner ear

A

Also labyrinth
Has series of canals
Structurally has two main divisions

60
Q

Bony labyrinth

A 
A series of cavities in the petrous part of temporal bone 
Three areas: 
Semicircular canals 
Vestibule 
Cochlea
61
Q

Vestibule

A

The oval central portion if the bony labyrinth

62
Q

Uricles

A

Two sacs in the membranous labyrinth

63
Q

Saccule

A

Connected by a smaller duct

By the utricle

64
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Projecting from the vestibule
Three of them
Bony
Anterior, posterior and lateral canals

65
Q

Anterior semicircular canal

A

Vertically oriented

Summersaults

66
Q

Posterior semicircular canal

A

Cartwheels

Vertically oriented

67
Q

Lateral semicircular canal

Spinning

A

.

68
Q

Saccule and utricle acceleration

A

Saccule - vertical acceleration, up and down

Utricle - horizontal acceleration, fore and back

69
Q

What does vestibule sense

A

Linear motion

70
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

Ends at the oval window (stapes)

Contains perilymph

71
Q

Scala tympani

A

Ends at round window

Contains perilymph

72
Q

Helicotrema

A

Opening between the 2 channels

73
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Scala media
Channel between scala vestibuli and scala tympani
Contains endolymph

74
Q

Vestibular membrane

A

Separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli

75
Q

Basalar membrane

A

Separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani

76
Q

Spiral organ

A

Also known as organ of corti
Contains hair cells (hearing receptors)
Tectoral membrane

77
Q

Tectoral membrane

A

Flexible and gelatinous

Hair cells embedded in it

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