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Medical Terms > Chapter 13. Blood System - Medical Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 13. Blood System - Medical Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

albumin

A

protein found in blood

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2
Q

anisocytosis

A

inequality in the size of red blood cells

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3
Q

antibody

A

protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood

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4
Q

anticoagulant

A

substance that stimulates the production of an antibody

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5
Q

antigen

A

foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody

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6
Q

basophil

A

white blood cell (leukocyte) containing dark granules that stain with a basic dye

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

orange-yellow pigment found in bile; it is released from the brakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die

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8
Q

coagulation

A

process of blood clotting

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9
Q

coagulopathy

A

disease of blood clotting

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10
Q

colony-stimulating factor

A

protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes)

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11
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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12
Q

differentiation

A

specialization of cells from immature to mature forms

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13
Q

electrophoresis

A

technique used to separate serum proteins by electrical charge

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14
Q

eosinophil

A

white blood cell whose granules stain intensely with an acidic eosin (reddish) dye; elevated in allergic reations

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15
Q

eosinophilia

A

increase in numbers of eosinophils in the bloodstream

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16
Q

eyrthroblast

A

immature, developing red blood cells

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17
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of red blood cells

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18
Q

erythropoietin

A

substance (hormone) produced by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce erthrocytes

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19
Q

fibrin

A

protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot

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20
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

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21
Q

globulin

A

major blood protein; immunoglobulin

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22
Q

granulocyte

A

white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil

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23
Q

granulocytopenia

A

deficiency of granulocytes

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24
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells

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25
Q

hemoglobin

A

blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells

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26
Q

hemoglobinopathy

A

disease or defect of hemoglobin production; sickle cell anemia is an example

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27
Q

hemolysis

A

destruction or breakdown of blood; specifically red blood cells

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28
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding or circulation of blood

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29
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant found in blood and tissues

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30
Q

hypochromic

A

pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells

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31
Q

immune reaction

A

response of the immune system to foreign invasion

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32
Q

immunoglobulin

A

antibody-containing protein in the blood; IgG, IgA, IgM

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33
Q

leukaphersis

A

mechanical separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood

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34
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cell

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35
Q

leukopenia

A

deficiency of white blood cells

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36
Q

lymphocyte

A

white blood cell with a single nucleus (mononuclear); capable of producing antibodies

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37
Q

macrocytosis

A

presence of large red blood cells in the blood

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38
Q

macrophage

A

large phagocytic cell migrating from the blood into the tissues

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39
Q

megakaryocyte

A

large, giant cell with a big nucleus; platelet precursor found in the bone marrow

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40
Q

microcytosis

A

increased numbers of smaller than normal red blood cells

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41
Q

monoblast

A

immature monocyte

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42
Q

mononuclear

A

pertaining to a white blood cell with a single, round nucleus; monocyte or lymphocyte

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43
Q

morphology

A

study of the shape and form of cells, particularly red blood cells

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44
Q

myeloblast

A

immature granulocytic white blood cell; a cell normally only found in the bone marrow

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45
Q

myelodysplasia

A

preleukemic condition

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46
Q

myeloid

A

derived from bone marrow

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47
Q

myelopoiesis

A

formation and development of bone marrow or cells that originate from it

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48
Q

neutropenia

A

deficiency of neutrophils

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49
Q

neutrophil

A

white blood cell with dark granules that stain with a neutral dye; phagocyte formed in the bone marrow and the body’s first line of defense against disease

50
Q

neutrophilia

A

increased numbers of neutrophils

51
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency of all (blood) cells

52
Q

phagocyte

A

cell that engulfs another cell or foreign organizm and destroys it

53
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood containing proteins, water, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins

54
Q

plasmapheresis

A

removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge

55
Q

platelet

A

clotting cell or thrombocyte

56
Q

plateletpheresis

A

separation of platelets from the rest of the blood

57
Q

poikilocytosis

A

variation in the shape of red blood cells

58
Q

polymorphonuclear

A

pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic white blood cells)

59
Q

prothrombin

A

plasma protein converted to thrombin in the clotting process

60
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature erthrocyte with a network of strands (reticulum)

61
Q

Rh factor

A

antigen (protein) on red blood cells of Rh positive individuals

62
Q

serum

A

plasma minus clotting proteins (prothrombin and fibrinogen) and clotting cells

63
Q

sideropenia

A

deficiency of iron in the blood

64
Q

spherocytosis

A

increase in numbers of sphere-shaped red blood cells, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic anemia)

65
Q

stem cell

A

unspecialized cell that gives rise to all forms of specialized cells in the body; hematopioetic stem cells are found in the bone marrow and lead to the development of all types of blood cells

66
Q

thrombin

A

enzyme necessary for blood clotting (converts fibrinogen to fibrin in the clotting process)

67
Q

thrombocyte

A

platelet; clotting cell

68
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency of clotting cells

69
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

treatment with drugs to break down clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels

70
Q

thrombosis

A

condition of clot formation

71
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A

malignant, immature lymphocytes multiply in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system

72
Q

acute leukemia (AML)

A

malignant, immature granulocytes called myleoblasts multiply in the bone marrow and bloodstream

73
Q

anemia

A

deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

74
Q

antiglobulin test

A

test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes; Coombs test

75
Q

apheresis

A

withdrawal and separation of blood elements

76
Q

aplastic anemia

A

failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of formation) of bone marrow cells

77
Q

autologous transfusion

A

removal and then reinfusion of a patient’s own blood or blood components

78
Q

bleeding time

A

time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound

79
Q

blood transfusion

A

blood cells or whole blood from a closely matched donor are infused into a patient

80
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

needle aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow followed by examination under a microscope

81
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

malignant, but relatively mature lymphocytes, multiply in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen

82
Q

coagulation time

A

time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

83
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

malignant, but relatively mature granulocytic leukocytes multiply in the bloodstream

84
Q

complete blood count

A

determination of the number of red and white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cells indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC) in a sample of blood

85
Q

dyscrasia

A

blood disease

86
Q

ecchymoses

A

large blue or purplish on the skin (bruises)

87
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

measurement of the speed at which erythrocytes settle or fall to the bottom of a test tube

88
Q

granulocytosis

A

increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood

89
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood

90
Q

hematopoietic stem cell transplant

A

peripheral (found in the blood) stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into the vein of a recipient

91
Q

hemochromatosis

A

excessive deposits of iron throughout the body

92
Q

hemoglobin test

A

total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of the blood

93
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

reducgtion in eyrthrocytes due to excessive destruction of red blood cells

94
Q

hemophilia

A

hereditary disease of blood clotting failure with abnormal bleeding; affected individuals are lacking a blood clotting factor (factor VIII or factor IX)

95
Q

intrinsic factor

A

substance normally found in gastric (stomach) juice that helps absorption of vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

96
Q

leukemia

A

increase in cancerous white blood cells

97
Q

mononucleosis

A

infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

98
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant tumor of bone marrow; overproduction of immunoglobulins and destruction of bone tissue

99
Q

palliative

A

relieving, but not curing illness

100
Q

pernicious anemia

A

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin b12 into the body

101
Q

petechiae

A

small, pinpoint hemorrhages caused by bleeding under the skin

102
Q

platelet count

A

number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

103
Q

polycythemia vera

A

increase in numbers of red blood cells (erythremia)

104
Q

prothrombin time

A

test of the ability of blood to clot

105
Q

purpura

A

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin caused by deficiency of clotting cells (platelets)

106
Q

red blood cell count

A

number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

107
Q

red blood cell morphology

A

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red blood cells

108
Q

relapse

A

return of symptoms of a disease

109
Q

remission

A

disappearance of symptoms of disease

110
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hereditary condition marked by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and my hemolysis

111
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background

112
Q

white blood cell count

A

number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

113
Q

white blood cell differential

A

percentaqe of the total white blood cell count made up by different types of leukocytes

114
Q

red blood cell morphology

A

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red blood cells

115
Q

relapse

A

return of symptoms of a disease

116
Q

remission

A

disappearance of symptoms of disease

117
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hereditary condition marked by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and my hemolysis

118
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background

119
Q

white blood cell count

A

number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

120
Q

white blood cell differential

A

percentaqe of the total white blood cell count made up by different types of leukocytes

Medical Terms (14 decks)

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