9. The Psychology of planning Flashcards
Fill in the gaps about “What is planning?”
1. Determining a____ plans
2. D____ a problem into c____
3. S____ through the problem s____
4. Search guided by h____
5. C____
6. T____ environment
- alternative
- Decomposing, chunks
- Search, Space
- Heuristics
- Constraints
- Task
What are four problem components (learnt in year 1)
1. I____ state
2. G____ state
3. O____
4. C____
- Initial state
- Goal state
- Operators
- Constraints
What is meant by initial state?
The p____ as p____
The problem as presented
What is meant by goal state?
The a____/i____/d____ o____
The aim/intention/desired outcome
What is meant by operators?
Things you can do/try/execute
What is meant by constraints?
Limitations on what you can do/try/execute
What are the following in the analog: the cards problem?
1. Initial state
2. Goal state
3. Constraints
4. Operator
5. Task environment
6. Heuristics
- 3 sets of 4 cards + grid
- unknown
- Only one in each row or column
- Lay a card on the grid
- Online vs physical grid
Card in one vs many piles - Lay cards randomly
lay cards to maximise progress
Lay one denomination then another
In terms of decomposition orders, what is meant by the following?
1. Breath-first - minimal c____
2. Depth-first - immediate f____: lower c____ l____
3. Opportunistic - capitalising on c____ s____
- Minimal commitment
- Immediate feedback: lower cognitive load
- Capitalising on current state
The problem space is the m____ r____ of a p____
It includes s____ space, task e____ and information p____ s____
The mental representation of a problem
- state space
- task environment
- information processing system
Define state space
All possible p____ between i____ and g____ states.
The l____ the state space is, the h____ a problem will be
All possible paths between initial and goal states
larger state space is, the harder a problem will be
The task environment is the way a problem is p____ to the s____.
What three things does it include?
1. F____
2. T____ c____
3. C____
The way a problem is presented to the solver
1. Format (display type)
2. Thematic content (familiarity)
3. Conditions (criticality, risk)
The information processing system includes w____ memory and l____-t____ memory
Working memory
Long-term memory
Search using heuristics involves m____-e____ a____ and o____ s____
Means-ends analysis
Operator selection
What is meant by operator selection?
Maximise r____ of d____ between initial and goal states.
Set a ‘s____-g____’ to apply to operator
Maximise reduction of distance between initial and goal states
Set a ‘sub-goal’ to apply to operator
What are three other heuristics?
1. M____-e____ analysis
2. T____ and e____
3. Heuristics for s____
- Means-ends
- Trial and error
- Sampling
